man 


:. 


A   WOOD    ROAD 


QK 

& 

A  CATALOGUE  J|7 

OF  THE  ^0°! 

Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns 

OF 

Worcester  County,  Massachusetts 


BY 
JOSEPH   JACKSON 

ILLUSTRATIONS  FROM  PHOTOGRAPHS 
BY  J.  C.  LYFORD 

AND  FROM   DRAWINGS 
BY  HELEN   D.  BURGESS 

THIRD  EDITION.    REVISED   AND   ENLARGED 

"  Benedicite,  universa  germinantia  in  terra,  Domino." 

"  O  all  ye  Green  Things  upon  the  earth,  bless  ye  the 
Lord:  praise  him  and  magnify  him  forever," 


WORCESTER  NATURAL  HISTORY   SOCIETY 

WORCESTER 

1909 


Stanbopc  ipros 


The  publication  of  this  volume  was  authorized  at  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Worcester  Natural 
History  Society,  April  20,  1909. 

FRANKLIN   P.  RICE 
HENRY  BILLINGS 
HERBERT   D.  BRAMAN 
JOSEPH  JACKSON 

Publication  Committee 


PREFACE. 


IN  1883  I  prepared  for  publication  the  first  Catalogue  of  the 
Plants  of  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  containing  eight 
hundred  and  twelve  species  and  well-marked  varieties. 

In  1894  the  second  edition,  enlarged  to  ten  hundred  and 
ninety-eight  species,  was  issued.  In  the  meantime,  by  the 
kind  and  generous  help  of  many  friends,  all  of  whom  will 
understand,  I  hope,  that  whether  their  names  appear  in  these 
pages  or  not,  my  sense  of  obligation  to  them  is  here  fully 
acknowledged  and  gratefully  remembered,  more  than  a  hun- 
dred additions  have  been  made. 

The  airangement  and  the  nomenclature  are  those  of  Gray's 
New  Manual  of  Botany,  Seventh  Edition,  1908,  the  book 
most  likely  to  be  used  by  all  persons  interested  in  the  study 
of  the  local  flora  here  given. 

In  the  hope  that  they  may  add  some  interest  to  certain 
plants  in  the  catalogue,  I  have  inserted  references  to  a  few 
plants,  made  by  writers  of  recognized  standing  in  American 
and  English  literature.  I  have  not  included  writers  like 
Thoreau  in  this  country  and  Jefferies  in  England,  whose 
writings  abound  in  such  references,  on  the  ground  that  their 
works  are  more  or  less  well  known  to  all  persons  interested  in 
wild  flowers  found  in  their  respective  countries. 

J.J- 


Flora  of  Worcester  County. 

DIVISION  I.     PTERIDOPHYTA. 

(Ferns  and  Fern  Allies?) 


POLYPODIACE^E   (FERN   FAMILY). 

Polypodium  (Tourn.)  L.        Polypody. 

vulgare  L.  On  rocks,  common. 

Phegopteris  (Presl.)  Fee.        Beech  Fern. 

polypodioides  Fe"e.  In  moist  woods,  common, 

hexagonoptera  (Michx.)  Fde. 

In  dry  woods  and  on  hillsides,  common. 
Dryopteris  (L.)  Fe"e.        Oak  Fern. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  common. 
Adiantum  (Tourn.)  L.        Maidenhair. 
pedatum  L. 
In  woods  and  along  walls  and  fences,  common.    A 

much-sought  species. 
Pteris  L.        Brake  or  Bracken, 
aquilina  L. 

In  dry  and  in  moist  sunny  places,  very  common. 

"There  are  few  stiller  things  than  the  stillness  of  a  summer's 
noon  such  as  this,  a  summer's  noon  in  a  broken  woodland,  with  the 
deer  asleep  in  the  bracken,  and  the  twitter  of  birds  silent  in  the 
coppice,  and  hardly  a  leaf  astir  in  the  huge  beeches  that  fling  their 
cool  shade  over  the  grass."  Green's  "Short  Studies  from  England 
and  Italy,"  the  first  essay. 


2       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Pellaea  Link.        Cliff  Brake, 
atropurpurea  (L.)  Link. 
Berlin.     Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
See  Rhodora,  vol.  ii,  p.  14. 

Woodwardia  Sm.        Chain  Fern. 
virginica  (L.)  Sm. 
Webster;  R.  F.  Harper:  Gardner;  R.  F.  Cheney. 

Asplenium  L.         Spleenwort. 

Trichomanes     L.          On  rocky  hillsides,  not  common. 

Millbury;  Brookfield. 
platyneuron  (L.)  Oakes. 

On  rocky  hillsides,  and  along  stone  walls  and  fences, 

more  common  than  the  last, 
acrostichoides  Sw. 

In  rich  moist  woods,   along  the  margins  of  swamps 

and  on  moist  roadsides,  common. 
Filix-femina  (L.)  Bernh.        Lady  Fern. 

Common  along  moist  roadsides  and  the  edges  of  wood- 
lands. 

Camptosorus  Link.         Walking  Leaf, 
rhizophyllus  (L.)  Link. 

Brookfield.     See  statement  by  Prof.   G.  E.  Stone  in 
Rhodora,  vol.  ii,  p.  14. 

Polystichum  Roth. 

acrostichoides  (Michx.)  Schott.        Christmas  Fern. 
acrostichoides,  var.  incisum  Gray. 

The  variety  is  not  so  common  as  the  species,  which  abounds  in 
the  woods  and  is  very  attractive  in  late  autumn  with  its  evergreen 
fronds. 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  3 

Aspidium  Sw.        Shield  Fern.     Wood  Fern. 

Thelypteris  (L.)  Sw.  Common  in  moist  woods. 

simulatum  Davenport.        Massachusetts  Fern. 

•    Worcester,  Holden. 

noveboracense  (L.)  Sw.         New  York  Fern. 

Common  in  rich  woods, 
marginale  (L.)  Sw. 

Very  common  in  woods  and  shaded  places. 

To  see,  under  a  compound  microscope,  the  ripe  sporanges  spring 
backward  and  scatter  the  spores  is  a  sight  granted  to  comparatively 
few  persons,  but  to  those  elect  few  it  is  "a  joy  forever." 

Goldianum  Hook.         Goldie's  Fern. 

Spencer.     Miss  A.  E.  Tucker. 
Boottii  Tuckerm.        Boott's  Shield  Fern. 

Hardwick.     Miss  Grace  E.  Baker, 
cristatum  (L.)  Sw.        Crested  Shield  Fern. 
Along  brooks  through  woodlands,  and  on  the  margins 

of  swamps. 
cristatum,  var.  Clintonianum.   D.  C.  Eaton. 

In  similar  situations  with  the  preceding. 
spinulosum  (O.  F.  Miiller)  Sw. 

In  rich  woods,  common, 
spinulosum,  var.  intermedium  (Muhl.)  D.  C.  Eaton. 

In  woods,  common. 

Cystopteris  Bernh.        Bladder  Fern, 
fragilis  (L.)  Bernh. 

I  have  found  it  sparingly  in  Worcester  and  in  Brookfield.  In  the 
latter  town  it  was  growing  on  a  rocky,  wooded  hillside  with  the 
small  Aspleniums  and  Clematis  verticillaris,  a  combination  worth 
traveling  miles  to  see. 


4  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Woodsia  R.  Br. 

ilvensis  (L.)  R.  Br.        Rusty  Woodsia. 

Spencer.    Miss  A.  E.  Tucker, 
obtusa  (Spreng.)  Torr. 

Rare.    Miss  Wheelock. 
Dicksonia  L'Her. 

punctilobula  (Michx.)  Gray.        Hay-scented  Fern. 
Common,  especially  along  the  margins  of  woods  and 

along  stone  walls,  in  pastures,  and  by  roadsides. 
Onoclea  L. 

sensibilis  L.        Sensitive  Fern. 

Very  common  in  low  lands. 
sensibilis,  var.  obtusilobata. 

Princeton.     Profs.  W.  W.  Bailey  and  J.  F.  Collins. 
Struthiopteris  (L.)  Hoffm.        Ostrich  Fern. 

Worcester;  Leicester.  In  rich,  moist  soil. 

SCHI&EACELE  (CURLY  GRASS  FAMILY). 

Lygodium  Sw.        Climbing  Fern, 
palmatum  (Bernh.)  Sw. 
Uxbridge;  Oxford.  Rare. 

OSMUNDACE^E  (FLOWERING  FERN  FAMILY). 

Osmunda  (Tourn.)  L.        Flowering  Fern, 
regalis  L.        Royal  Fern. 

Common  in  swamps  and  in  moist  lands  by  roadsides. 
Claytoniana  L.        Clayton's  Fern. 

Very  common,  with  the  preceding, 
cinnamomea  L.        Cinnamon  Fern. 

Very  common  in  low  grounds. 

These  three  species  are  often  found  growing  together,  and  are 
probably  our  most  conspicuous  ferns.    They  have  a  wide  range 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  5 

throughout  the  world.  The  first  (regalis)  is  found  from  Sweden  to 
Siberia,  in  Japan,  the  Azores,  the  Barbary  States,  on  the  Himalayas 
and  the  Neilgheeries,  at  Bombay,  Hong-kong,  in  Cochin  China,  the 
Mascarene  Islands,  Zambesi-land,  Angola,  Natal,  Cape  Colony, 
Canada  as  far  as  the  Saskatchewan  country,  south  to  Rio  Janeiro. 
The  second  is  found  in  Newfoundland,  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
throughout  the  United  States,  and  on  the  Himalayas  to  an  altitude 
of  ten  thousand  feet.  The  third  is  found  from  Newfoundland  and 
Canada  to  Mexico,  in  the  West  Indies,  Guatemala,  New  Granada 
and  the  Organ  Mountains  of  Brazil;  also  in  Japan,  Manchuria, 
and  the  Amoor  country. 

There  are  three  other  species  of  this  genus,  found  on  the  eastern 
side  of  Asia. 

The  following  quotation  is  from  William  Black's  novel  Briseis, 
chapter  IV. 

"Briseis,  I  want  to  tell  you  something.  .  .  .  When  I  was  quite 
a  lad,  I  discovered  among  the  slopes  above  Gourock  a  little  dell 
in  which  the  Osmunda  regalis  was  growing  in  great  luxuriance. 
The  Osmunda  is  rare  on  that  coast  —  and  —  and  —  I  was  proud  of 
my  discovery —  and  kept  the  secret  to  myself;  and  many  a  time  I  used 
to  go  and  sit  in  the  little  hollow,  under  the  birch  trees,  and  listen  to 
the  trickling  of  the  burn.  And  then  —  well,  you  see,  I  was  foolish 
and  romantic  —  and  my  only  love  in  those  days  was  the  hillside  — 
I  took  it  into  my  head  that  I  would  spend  a  night  in  that  dell  with 
the  Osmundas  as  my  only  companions.  It  was  not  a  cold  night 
either;  but  I  found  the  ground  very  hard  and  damp  before  I  could 
get  to  sleep.  I  remember  the  stars  through  the  birch  trees  overhead. 
Well,  the  weather  must  have  changed  during  the  night;  for  when  I 
woke,  just  about  daybreak,  there  was  a  fine,  thin  rain  falling,  and 
I  was  wet  through  to  the  skin,  and  shivering  with  cold.  And  I  was 
miles  and  miles  away  from  home.  You  may  guess  what  followed  — 
rheumatic  fever  —  and  all  its  worst  consequences;  so  that  from  that 
hour  my  life  was  broken."  [Read  chapters  I  and  IV  for  the  pathetic 
story  of  Sir  John  Elliott.] 

The  following  quotation  is  from  chapter  XVIII  of  Smiles'  Robert 
Dick,  a  very  interesting  biography  of  an  interesting  naturalist. 


6       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

"Dick  also  continued  his  search  for  ferns.  He  often  wandered 
along  the  foot  of  Dunnet  Head,  when  the  tide  was  out,  and  climbed 
up  the  rocks  into  some  shady  nook  where  the  ferns  grew.  They  did 
not  grow  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  cliffs,  but  on  the  west,  where  the 
Gulf  Stream  washes  along  the  headland.  Sometimes  he  descended 
the  western  cliffs,  where  a  fall  of  the  red  sandstone  had  taken  place, 
and  there  he  found  the  ferns  of  which  he  had  come  in  search.  It  was 
a  glorious  day  for  him  when  he  found  the  Royal  Fern  —  Osmunda 
regalis  —  growing  there  in  its  native  beauty.  '  I  can  yet  recollect,' 
he  says,  'how  happy  I  was  when  I  found  the  first  Osmunda.  I  was 
wearied,  and  sore,  and  sick,  and  nearly  tired  of  this  world  and  all 
that's  in  it,  when  I  caught  sight  of  that  glorious  Fern,  large,  radiant, 
and  flourishing,  among  the  reft  sandstone  cliffs  of  Dunnet  Head. 
What  a  beauty!  Almost  approaching  to  the  size  of  a  tree  fern!'" 

In  Worcester  County  it  is  rarely  found  more  than  five  feet  in 
height;  oftener  two  or  three  feet. 

OPHIOGLOSSACE.E  (ADDER'S  TONGUE  FAMILY). 

Ophioglossum  (Tourn.)  L.        Adder's  Tongue, 
vulgatum  L. 

Worcester;  Spencer,  Miss  A.  E.  Tucker. 
Botrychium  Sw.         Moonwort. 

lanceolatum    (Gmel.)    Angstroem,   var.    angustisegmen- 

tum  Pease  and  Moore. 
Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
ramosum  (Roth)  Aschers. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 

obliquum  Muhl.  Pastures  mostly. 

obliquum,  var.  dissectum.  Often  with  the  species. 

ternatum  (Thun.)  Sw,  var.  intermedium  D.  C.  Eaton. 

In  pastures  and  open  woods, 
virginianum  (L.)  Sw.        Rattlesnake  Fern. 

Common,  in  rich  woods. 


PTERIDOPHYTA.  7 

EQUISETACE^  (HORSETAIL  FAMILY). 

Equisetum  (Tourn.)  L.        Horsetail, 
arvense  L.        Common  Horsetail. 

In  sandy  soil,  as  railroad  embankments,  common, 
pratense  Ehrh. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
sylvaticum  L.        Wood  Horsetail. 

Damp,  shady  places,  common, 
fluviatile  L.        Pipes. 

In  swamps  and  shallow  water, 
hyemale  L.        Scouring  Rush. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone.  In  wet  places, 

scirpoides  Michx. 
Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 

LYCOPODIACE.E  (CLUB  MOSS  FAMILY). 

Lycopodium  (Rupp)  L.        Club  Moss. 
Selago  L. 

Mt.  Watatic,  Ashburnham. 

lucidulum  Michx.  In  wet  woods,  common, 

inundatum  L.  On  sandy  shores, 

annotinum  L. 

In  open  woods,  apparently  not  well  known  in  the  county. 

Leicester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 
clavatum  L.        Common  Club  Moss. 

Very  common,  especially  in  old,  hillside  pastures. 

"As  I  spoke,  beneath  my  feet 
The  ground  pine  curled  its  pretty  wreaths 
Running  over  the  club-moss  burrs." 

R.  W.  EMERSON:  Each  and  All. 


8  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

obscurum  L. 

Worcester.    Mrs.  Ella  L.  Horr. 
obscurum  L.,  var.  dendroideum  Michx. 

In  moist  woods,  common 
complanatum  L.,  var.  flabbelliforme  Fernald.         Ground 

Pine.        Mrs.  Ella  L.  Horr.  Common, 

tristachyum  Pursh. 

Leicester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 

SELAGINELLACE^E. 

Selaginella  Bcauv. 

rupestris  (L.)  Spring. 

Worcester.    Mr.  G.  T.  Rignel. 
apus  (L.)  Spring. 
Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 

ISOETACE^:  (QUILL WORT  FAMILY). 

Isoetes  L.        Quillwort. 

echinospora  Dur.,  var.  Braunii  (Dur.)  Engelm. 
Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 


DIVISION  II.     SPERMATOPHYTA. 

(Seed-Plants,  Phanerogamia,  or  Flowering  Plants.) 


TAXACE&  (YEW  FAMILY). 

Taxus  (Tourn.)  L.        Yew. 

canadensis  Michx.        Ground  Hemlock. 
Worcester.    Mr.  George  Coult.  In  dry  woods. 


PINACE^  (PINE  FAMILY). 

Pinus  [Tourn.]  L.        Pine. 
Strobus  L.        White  Pine. 

"'Come  to  me,' 
Quoth  the  pine-tree, 
'I  am  the  giver  of  honor. 
He  is  great  who  can  live  by  me. 

Who  leaves  the  pine-tree,  leaves  his  friend, 
Unnerves  his  strength,  invites  his  end.' " 

R.  W.  EMERSON:  Woodnotes,  II. 

rigida  Mill.        Pitch  Pine.  Common, 

resinosa  Ait.        Red  Pine. 
Templeton.    Mr.  V.  P.  Parkhurst. 

Larix  [Tourn.]  Mill.        Larch. 

laricina  (Du  Roi)  Koch.        Hackmatack. 

Common  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 
9 


10  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Picea  Link.        Spruce. 

rubra  (Du  Roi)  Dietr.        Red  Spruce.  Uplands. 

Miss  A.  H.  Tucker. 

mariana  (Mill.)  BSP.         Black  Spruce.  Not  rare. 

Abies  [Tourn.]  Hill.        Fir. 

balsamea  (L.)  Mill.        Balsam  Fir. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 
Tsuga  (Endl.)  Carr.        Hemlock. 

canadensis  (L.)  Carr.  A  common  tree. 

Chamsecyparis  Spach.         White  Cedar, 
thyoides  (L.)  BSP.        White  Cedar. 

In  swamps,  not  rare. 
Thuja  L.        Arbor  Vitae. 

occidentalis  L.        Arbor  Vitae. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Juniperus  [Tourn.]  L.        Juniper. 

communis  L.        Common  Juniper. 

In  pastures  and  on  dry  hills. 
communis,  var.  montana  Ait.        Low  Juniper. 
On    Rattlesnake    Hill,    Worcester.     Mr.    Burton    E. 

Gates, 
horizontalis  Moench. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
virginiana  L.         Red  Cedar. 

In  similar  situations  with  the  first. 


TYPHACE^E  (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY). 

Typha  [Tourn.]  L.        Cat-tail  Flag. 
latifolia  L.        Common  Cat-tail. 

In  swamps  and  shallow  waters,  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  1 1 

SPARGANIACE^    (BUR-REED   FAMILY). 

Sparganium  [Tourn.]  L.        Bur-reed, 
eurycarpum  Engelm. 

Along  streams  and  on  the  margins  of  ponds,  common, 
americanum  Nutt,  var.  androcladum  (Engelm.)  F.  and  E. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
angustifolium  Michx. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
simplex  Huds. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
minimum  Fries. 

Lake  Quinsigamond.    Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 

NAJADACE^E    (PONDWEED   FAMILY). 
Potamogeton  [Tourn.]  L.        Pondweed. 

This  genus  was  revised  for  me  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Morong,  in 
his  day  an  authority  in  New  England  on  this  genus.  The  species 
found  since  his  revision  are  credited  to  the  finders. 

natans  L.  Common  in  ponds  and  quiet  streams. 

Oakesianus  Robbins.  Uxbridge. 

epihydrus  Raf.         Common  in  ponds  and  quiet  streams. 
americanus  C.  and  S. 

Worcester.    Miss  E.  M.  Sargent. 
pulcher  Tuckerman. 

Lake  Quinsigamond.    Prof.  G.  E.  Stone, 
amplifolius  Tuckerman. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. 
heterophyllus  Schreb. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. 


12  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER   COUNTY. 

heterophyllus,  var.  myriophyllus  (Robbins)  Morong. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. 
perfoliatus  L. 

Brookfield.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
obtusifolius  Mertens  and  Koch. 

Beaver  Brook,  Worcester. 

pusillus  L.  Common, 

pusillus,  var.  polyphyllus  Morong. 

Lake  Quinsigamond.  ( 

pusillus,  var.  tenuissimus  Mertens  and  Koch. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. 
Vaseyi  Robbins. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. 

.  gemmiparus  Robbins.  Common. 

foliosus  Raf. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. 
confervoides  Reichenb. 

Shockalog  Pond,  Uxbridge. 

hybridus  Michx.  Common. 

dimorphus  Raf.  Common. 

Robbinsii  Oakes. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. 
Najas  L.        Naiad. 

flexilis  (Willd.)  R.  and  S. 

Lake  Quinsigamond.    T.  Morong. 
gracillima  (A.  Br.)  Magnus. 

Lake  Quinsigamond.    T.  Morong. 

JUNCAGINACE.E    (ARROW   GRASS   FAMILY). 
Scheuchzeria  L. 
palustris  L. 
Lake  Quinsigamond.    Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  1 3 

ALISMACE.E    (WATER   PLANTAIN   FAMILY). 

Sagittaria  L.        Arrow-head. 

latifolia  Willd.  Common  in  shallow  water. 

Engelmanniana  J.  G.  Sm. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
graminea  Michx. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 

Alisma  L.        Water  Plantain. 

Plantago-aquatica  L.  Common  in  shallow  water. 


HYDRO  CHARITACE.E    (FROG'S   BIT   FAMILY). 

Elodea  Michx.        Water-weed. 

canadensis  Michx.  Ponds,  common. 

Vallisneria  [Mich.]  L.        Tape  Grass.       Eel  Grass, 
spiralis  L. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. 


GRAMINEA    (GRASS   FAMILY). 

Andropogon  [Royen]  L.        Beard  Grass. 

scoparius  Michx.  Common  in  dry,  sandy  fields, 

virginicus  L. 

Princeton.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton, 
furcatus  Muhl.  '  In  dry,  open  grounds. 

Sorghastrum  Nash. 

nutans  (L.)  Nash.        Wood  Grass. 

In  dry  fields,  not  rare. 


14       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Digitaria  Scop.        Finger  Grass, 
filiformis  (L.)  Koeler. 

Oxford,  Mr.  C.  H.  Knowlton;  Brookfield,  Mr.  R.  M. 

Harper, 
sanguinalis  (L.)  Scop.        Crab  Grass. 

Common,  especially  in  lawns. 

Paspalum  L. 

setaceum  Michx.  «  Common  in  dry  fields. 

Iseve  Michx.  In  moist  fields. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 

Panicum  L.        Panic  Grass. 

capillare  L.        Old-witch  Grass. 

Very  common  in  waste  places. 
philadelphicum  Bernh. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
dichotomiflorum  Michx. 

Brookfield.    Dudley,  Mr.  C.  H.  Knowlton. 
virgatum  L.        Switch  Grass. 

In  sandy  swamp,  Webster,  Mr.  C.  H.  Knowlton. 
agrostoides  Spreng. 

Sandy  or  gravelly  margins  of  ponds, 
depauperatum  Muhl.  On  dry  hills,  not  rare. 

dichotomum  L.  Common  in  woodlands. 

xanthophysum  Gray. 

Princeton. 
clandestinum  L. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

Boscii  Poir.  In  open  woodlands, 

latifolium  L.  In  rocky  woods, 

miliaceum  L.        European  Millet. 

East  Worcester.  Not  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  1 5 

Echinochloa  Beauv. 

Crusgalli  (L.)  Beauv.        Barnyard  Grass. 

Very  common  in  waste  places. 
Setaria  Beauv.        Bristly  Foxtail  Grass, 
glauca  (L.)  Beauv.        Foxtail  Grass. 

Common  in  waste  places. 
viridis  (L.)  Beauv.        Bottle  Grass. 

Common  in  waste  places, 
italica  (L.)  Beauv.        Hungarian  Grass. 

Occasionally  spontaneous. 
Cenchrus  L.        Bur  Grass. 

tribuloides  L.  Sandy  soil,  not  common. 

Zizania  (Gronov.)  L.        Water  Rice, 
palustris  L.        Indian  Rice. 
Lake  Quinsigamond.     Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
An.  Rep.  Wor.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  1900. 

Leersia  Sw.        Cut-grass. 

virginica  Willd.        White  Grass. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
oryzoides  (L.)  Sw.        Rice  Cut-grass. 

Common  in  wet  lands. 
Phalaris  L.         Canary  Grass. 

canariensis  L.        Canary  Grass. 

In  waste  places,  occasional, 
arundinacea  L.        Reed  Canary  Grass. 

In  swampy  places,  common. 
Anthoxanthum  L.        Sweet  Vernal  Grass. 

odoratum  L.  Common  in  meadows  and  pastures. 

"I  have  just  made  out  my  first  grass,  hurrah!  hurrah!  I  must 
confess  that  fortune  favors  the  bold,  for,  as  good  luck  would  have  it, 
it  was  the  easy  Anthoxanthum  odoratum:  nevertheless  it  is  a  great 


1 6       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

discovery;  I  never  expected  to  make  out  a  grass  in  all  my  life,  so 
hurrah!  It  has  done  my  stomach  surprising  good."  —  Letter  of 
Charles  Darwin  to  Sir  J.  D.  Hooker,  June  5,  1855.  See  "Life 
and  Letters  of  Charles  Darwin,"  edited  by  Francis  Darwin,  vol.  i, 
p.  418. 

Milium  (Tourn.)  L.        Millet  Grass. 
effusum  L.  « 

Brookfield.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 
Oryzopsis  Michx.        Mountain  Rice, 
pungens  (Torr.)  Hitchc. 

West  Boylston.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton, 
asperifolia  Michx. 

Mount  Wachusett. 
racemosa  (Sm.)  Ricker. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
Stipa  L.        Feather  Grass. 
canadensis  Poir. 

Mount  Wachusett.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 
Aristida  L.        Triple-awned  Grass. 

dichotoma  Michx.        Poverty  Grass. 

Dudley.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 
gracilis  EU. 

Sturbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 
Muhlenbergia  Schreb. 

tenuiflora  (Willd.)  BSP.  In  rocky  woods,  common, 

sylvatica  Torr.  In  copses,  common. 

mexicana  (L.)  Trin. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
racemosa  (Michx.)  BSP. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
Schreberi  J.  F.  Gmel.  Dry  hills,  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.         *  I/ 

Brachyelytrum  Beauv. 

erectiim  (Schreb.)  Beauv.  Copses,  not  common. 

Phleum  L. 

pratense  L.        Timothy.     Herd's  Grass. 

Meadows  and  roadsides,  common. 
Alopecurus  L.        Foxtail  Grass. 

pratensis  L.       Meadow  Foxtail.     Common  in  meadows, 
geniculatus  L.        Floating  Foxtail. 

In  very  wet  meadows. 
Sporobolus  R.  Br.        Drop-seed. 

vaginiflorus  (Torr.)  Wood.  In  dry  fields, 

uniflorus  (Muhl.)  Scribn.  and  Merr. 

Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 
Agrostis  L.        Bent  Grass. 

alba  L.        White  Bent  Grass.  Very  common, 

hyemalis  (Walt.)  BSP.        Hair  Grass.          In  dry  fields, 
perennans  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.        Thin  Grass. 

In  damp  places,  common. 
Calamagrostis  Adans. 

canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.        Blue-joint  Grass. 

In  meadows  and  swampy  places. 

cinnoides  (Muhl.)  Barton.          In  moist  places,  common. 
Cinna  L.        Wood  Reed  Grass. 

arundinacea  L.  Borders  of  woods,  not  rare, 

latifolia  (Torr.)  Griseb. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
Holcus  L. 

lanatus  L.        Velvet  Grass.  In  moist  meadows. 

Deschampsia  Beauv. 

flexuosa  (L.)  Trin.        Common  Hair  Grass. 
Mount  Wachusett. 


1 8       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Arrhenatherum  Beauv.         Oat  Grass. 

elatius  (L.)  Beauv.        Tall  Oat  Grass. 

In  meadows,  not  common. 
Danthonia  DC.        Wild  Oat  Grass. 

spicata  (L.)  Beauv.  In  pastures,  common, 

compressa  Aust. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Spartina  Schreb.        Marsh  Grass. 

Michauxiana  (Hitchc.)        Slough  Grass. 

Brookfield.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 
Eleusine  Gaertn.        Goose  Grass. 
Indica  Gaertn. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown.        Adventitious. 
Phragmites  Trin.        Reed. 
communis  Trin. 

Westborough.    Mr.  A.  N.  Randlett. 
Eragrostis  Beauv. 

pilosa  (L.)  Beauv.  Not  common. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 

megastachya  (Koeler)  Link.  In  waste  places. 

refracta  (Muhl.)  Scribn.  In  pastures  and  dry  soil. 

Melica  L.        Melic  Grass. 

striata  (Michx.)  Hitchc.  Not  common. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
Briza  L.        Quaking  Grass. 
media  L. 
Millbury.  Not  common. 

In  Britten  and  Holland's  "Dictionary  of  English  Plant-Names  " 
the  following  list  of  fifty-four  common  names  of  this  grass  is  given: 
amouret,  bird's-eye,  cow-quake,  dadder-grass,  danglethorn,  dawther, 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  19 

didder-grass,  diddery-docks,  dithering-grass,  dodder,  dodder-grass, 
doddering-dickies,  doddering  dillies,  doddering  grass,  doddering 
jockies,  dodderin-nancy,  doddle-grass,  dothering  dicks,  dothering- 
toms,  earth-quakes,  whacker  gerse,  fairy  grass,  pearl  grass,  quaker 
grass,  rattle  grass,  shaking  grass,  shiver  grass,  shivering  grass, 
swaggering  grass,  totter  grass,  tottering  grass,  trembling  grass, 
waggering  grass,  hay  shakers,  jockey  grass,  lady's  hair,  maiden-hair, 
mountain  flax,  quack-ducks,  quakers,  shake  ladies,  shakers,  shiver- 
Ing  jimmy,  sillar  shakle,  silver  ginglers,  silver  shakers,  suisilk, 
tassels,  trembling  jockies,  thremlin-jockies,  wag  wanton,  wag- 
wants,  wiggle-waggles,  wig-wag-wanton,  wiggle-waggle-wantons. 

Dactylis  L.        Orchard  Grass. 

glomerata  L.  Common  in  meadows. 

Poa  L.        Spear  Grass.    Meadow  Grass. 
annua  L.        Low  Spear  Grass. 

In  cultivated  and  in  waste  places,  common. 

The  following  interesting  reference  to  this  grass  is  given  in  Hooker's 
"Himalayan  Journals,"  Chapter  IX,  the  account  of  his  exploration 
of  the  Wallanchon  Pass  at  an  elevation  of  12,000  feet: 

"Along  the  narrow  path  I  found  the  two  commonest  of  all  British 
weeds,  a  grass  (Poa  annua)  and  the  shepherd's  purse!  They  had 
evidently  been  imported  by  men  and  yaks,  and  as  they  do  not  occur 
in  India,  I  could  not  but  regard  these  little  wanderers  from  the  north 
with  the  deepest  interest. 

"  Such  incidents  as  these  give  rise  to  trains  of  reflection  in  the  mind 
of  the  naturalist-traveler;  and  the  farther  he  may  be  from  home  and 
friends,  the  more  wild  and  desolate  the  country  he  is  exploring,  the 
greater  the  difficulties  and  dangers  under  which  he  encounters  these 
subjects  of  his  earliest  studies  in  science;  so  much  keener  is  the 
delight  with  which  he  recognizes  them,  and  the  more  lasting  is  the 
'  impression  which  they  leave.  At  this  moment  these  common  weeds 
more  vividly  recall  to  me  that  wild  scene  than  does  my  journal,  and 
remind  me  how  I  went  on  my  way,  taxing  my  memory  for  all  it  ever 


20       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

knew  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  shepherd's  purse  and 
musing  on  the  probability  of  the  plant  having  found  its  way  thither 
over  all  Central  Asia,  and  the  ages  that  may  have  been  occupied 
in  its  march." 

compressa  L.        Canada  Blue  Grass. 

Dudley.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

triflora  Gilib.        Fowl  Meadow  Grass.  Common, 

pratensis  L.        June  Grass.     Kentucky  Blue  Grass. 

Common. 

"Over  the  stretches  of  woodland  pasture,  over  the  meadows  and 
the  lawns,  by  the  edges  of  turnpike  and  lane,  in  the  fence  corners  — 
wherever  its  seed  has  been  allowed  to  flourish  —  it  spreads  a  verdure 
so  soft  in  fold  and  fine  in  texture,  so  entrancing  by  its  freshness  and 
fertility,  that  it  looks  like  a  deep-lying,  thick -matted  emerald  moss." 
• —  See  James  Lane  Allen's  charming  account  of  "The  Blue-Grass 
Region  of  Kentucky." 

Glyceria  R.  Br.        Manna  Grass. 
Torreyana  (Spreng.)  Hitchc. 

In  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county. 
obtusa  (Muhl.)  Trin.  In  wet  places, 

canadensis  (Michx.)  Trin.        Rattlesnake  Grass. 

In  wet  places,  common, 
laxa  Scribn. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
nervata  (Willd.)  Trin.        Fowl  Meadow  Grass. 

In  wet  places,  common. 
pallida  (Torr.)  Trin. 
Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

In  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county, 
septentrionalis  Hitchc.  In  shallow  water. 

acutiflora  Torr.  In  wet  places  and  in  shallow  water. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  21 

Festuca  L.        Fescue  Grass, 
ovina  L.        Sheep's  Fescue. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone.  In  fields  and  waste  places. 

elatior  L.        Meadow  Fescue. 

In  rich  grasslands,  common, 
nutans  Spreng. 
Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 

Bromus  L.        Brome  Grass, 
secalinus  L.        Cheat. 

In  waste  grounds,  not  common. 

racemosus  L.  In  waste  grounds, 

tectorum  L. 

In    waste    grounds    in    the    southern    part    of    the 

county, 
ciliatus  L.  Along  river-banks. 

Lolium  L.        Darnel. 

perenne  L.        Common  Darnel. 

In  fields  and  on  roadsides. 

Agropyron  Gaertn. 

repens  (L.)  Beauv.        Couch  Grass.    Quitch  Grass. 

Very  common  in  waste  places. 

Hordeum  (Tourn.)  L.        Barley. 

jubatum  L.        Squirrel-tail  Grass. 
Worcester.    Miss  E.  J.  Seaver. 

Elymus  L.        Wild  Rye. 

virginicus  L.  In  moist  soil. 

canadensis  L.  In  sandy  soil. 

Hystrix  Moench.        Bottle-brush  Grass. 

patula  Moench.  In  rocky  woods. 


22 


FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 


CYPERACE.E    (SEDGE   FAMILY). 

Oyperus  (Tourn.)  L.        Galingale. 

diandrus  Torr.  In  low  grounds, 

axistatus  Rottb. 

Brookfield.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

dentatus  Torr.  On  the  margins  of  ponds. 

strigosus  L.  In  swampy  places, 

filiculmis  Vahl.  In  dry  soil. 

Dulichium  Pers. 

arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton.  In  swamps. 

Eleocharis  R.  Br.        Spike  Rush. 
Robbinsii  Oakes. 
Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

In  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county. 
ovata  (Roth)  R.  and  S.  In  wet  places, 

palustris  (L.)  R.  and  S.  In  ponds  and  swamps. 

palustris,  var.  glaucescens  (Willd.)  Gray. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper.     In  moist  meadows. 
acicularis  (L.)  R.  and  S. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 

tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes.        Along  the  margins  of  ponds. 

intermedia  (Muhl.)  Schultes.  In  marshes. 

Stenophyllus  Raf. 

capillaris  (L.)  Britton. 
Fimbristylis  Vahl. 

autumnalis  (L.)  R.  and  S. 
Scirpus  (Tourn.)  L.        Bulrush, 
planifolius  Muhl. 

Sturbridge ;  West  Brookfield. 
hudsonianus  (Michx.)  Fernald. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  rare. 


In  dry  soil. 
In  low  grounds. 

Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  23 

subterminalis  Torr.  In  slow  streams  and  in  ponds. 

debilis  Pursh. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
americanus  Pers. 

Brookfield.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 
Torreyi  Olney. 

Lake  Quinsigamond.     Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
validus  Vahl.         Great  Bulrush.    In  ponds  and  streams. 
rubrotinctus  Fernald. 

Hardwick.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
sylvaticus  L.  In  brooks. 

Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 

atrovirens  Muhl.  In  wet  places,  common, 

polyphyllus  Vahl. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton, 
cyperinus  (L.)  Kunth.        Wool  Grass. 

In  swamps,  common, 
cyperinus  (L.)  Kunth.  var.  condensatus  Fernald. 

Douglas.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
atrocinctus  Fernald. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 
Eriophorum  L.        Cotton  Grass. 
caUitrix  Cham.        Hare's  Tail. 

Worcester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 
opacum  (Bjornstr.)  Fernald. 

South  Ashburnham. 

gracile  Roth.  In  bogs,  not  rare, 

tenellum  Nutt. 

Sturbridge.     Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
viridi-carinatum  (Engelm.)  Fernald. 

In  low  meadows  and  swamps. 
virginicum  L.       In  low  meadows  and  swamps,  common. 


24       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Hemicarpha  Nees  and  Arn. 
micrantha  (Vahl)  Pax. 
Brookfield.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

Bhynchospora  Vahl.        Beak  Rush. 

alba  (L.)  Vahl.    In  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county. 

Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
glomerata  (L.)  Vahl.  Low  moist  grounds,  not  rare. 

Cladium  P.  Br.        Twig  Rush, 
mariscoides  (Muhl.)  Torr. 
Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

In  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county. 

Carex  (Ruppius)  L.         Sedge. 

scop  aria  Schkuhr.          In  low  grounds  usually,  common, 
tribuloides. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
cristata  Schwein. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton, 
albolutescens  Schwein. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
mirabilis  Dewey. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
straminea  Willd.  In  dry  fields,  common. 

Bicknellii  Britton. 

See  Rhodora,  1902,  p.  328. 

alata  Torr.  In  marshes  and  wet  woods. 

fomea  Willd. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
stellulata  Good. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
Btellulata,  var.  cephalantha  (Bailey)  Fernald. 

With  the  preceding,  rare. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  25 

canescens  L.  In  swamps,  common, 

bromoides  Schkuhr.  In  swampy  woods. 

Deweyana  Schwein. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 

trisperma  Dewey.  In  swamps, 

tenella  Schkuhr. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

rosea  Schkuhr.  In  rich  woods,  common, 

rosea,  var.  radiata  Dewey. 

Princeton.     W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
muricata  L. 

Princeton.     W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 

Muhlenbergii  Schkuhr.  In  open  sterile  soil, 

cephalophora  Muhl.  In  dry  fields,  not  rare, 

sparganioides  Muhl.  In  meadows, 

cephaloidea  Dewey.  In  rich  woods  and  thickets, 

vulpinoidea  Michx.  In  low  meadows, 

diandra  Schrank. 

Worcester.     Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 

stipata  Muhl.  Roadsides  and  swales,  common, 

crinita  Lam.  In  swamps,  common, 

torta  Boott. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

stricta  Lam.  In  bogs,  common, 

stricta,  var.  angustata  (Boott)  Bailey. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

leptalea  Wahlenb.  In  swamps, 

polygama  Schkuhr. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
triceps  Michx.,  var.  hirsuta  (Willd.)  Bailey. 

In  woods  and  meadows,  common, 
virescens,  Muhl. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 


26       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

gracillima  Schwein.  In  woods,  common. 

Willdenowii  Schkuhr. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 

umbellata  Schkuhr.  In  low  meadows,  not  rare, 

communis  Bailey.  In  dry  woods. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

varia  Muhl.  In  dry  woods. 

pennsylvanica  Lam.  In  dry  soil,  .common. 

pubescens  Muhl.  In  copses  and  moist  meadows. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone, 
tetanica  Schkuhr. 

In  wet  meadows  and  in  bogs,  common. 
pallescens  L.  In  glades  and  meadows,  common, 

prasina  Wahlenb.      In  meadows  and  bogs,  not  common, 
pedunculata  Muhl. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
plantaginea  Lam. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
platyphylla  Carey.  With  the  preceding, 

laxiculmis  Schwein. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
digitalis  Willd.  In  dry  woods. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 

laxiflora  Lam.  In  woods  and  meadows,  common, 

laxiflora,  var.  latifolia  Boott. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 

conoidea  Schkuhr.  In  meadows, 

grisea  Wahlenb.  In  moist  meadows, 

flava  L. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton, 
longirostris  Torr. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  27 

arctata  Boott.  In  woods  and  copses, 

arctata,  var.  Rudgei  Bailey.  In  moist  places, 

scabrata  Schwein. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
filiformis  L. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 

lanuginosa  Michx.  With  the  preceding, 

vestita  Willd.  In  sandy  meadows,  common, 

trichocarpa  Muhl. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 

riparia  W.  Curtis.  In  swamps,  common. 

Pseudo-Cyperus  L. 

Fitchburg.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 

comosa  Boott.  In  swamps,  not  common, 

lurida  Wahlenb.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows, 

lupulina  Muhl.  In  wet  places,  not  rare, 

intumescens  Rudge.  In  wet  places,  common, 

folliculata  L.  In  wet  places,  common, 

vesicaria  L.,  var.  monile  (Tuckerm.)  Fernald. 

In  low  meadows,  common, 
rostrata  Stokes,  var.  utriculata  (Boott)  Bailey. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
bullata  Schkuhr.  In  swamps,  not  common. 


ARACE^E    (ARUM   FAMILY). 

Arissema  Martius.        Indian  Turnip. 

triphyllum  (L.)  Schott.        Jack-in-the-Pulpit. 

Common,  especially  along  the  margin  of  woods. 

Peltandra  Raf.        Arrow  Arum. 

virginica  (L.)  Kunth.        In  shallow  water,  not  common. 


28       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Oalla  L.        Water  Arum. 

palustris  L.  In  swamps,  not  rare. 

Symplocarpus  Salisb.        Skunk  Cabbage, 
fetidua  (L.)  Nutt. 

In  swamps  and  wet  places,  common. 
Orontium  L.  Golden  Club, 

aquaticum  L. 

Dudley;  Princeton. 
Acorns  L.        Sweet  Flag. 

Calamus  L.  In  swamps  and  low  grounds,  not  rare. 

LEMNACE.E    (DUCKWEED   FAMILY). 

Spirodela  Schleid. 

polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.  In  pools  and  ponds,  common. 
Lemna  L.  Duckweed. 

trisulca  L.  In  shallow  waters. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 

minor  L.  In  stagnant  waters,  common. 

ERIOCAULACE^E    (PIPEWORT   FAMILY). 

Eriocaulon  (Gronov.)  L.        Pipewort. 

septangulare  With.  In  ponds  and  on  their  shores. 

This  is  Eriocaulon  septangulare  of  Withering,  the  plant  referred 
to  in  the  following  extract  from  the  "American  Journal  of  Science  and 
Arts,"  p.  290,  vol.  28,  1859. 

"We  are  pleased  to  leam  the  curious  fact  that  a  humble  yet  peculiar 
North  American  plant,  which  has  somehow  found  its  way  to  the  Irish 
and  North  British  shores,  may  be  said  to  have  fixed  the  destiny  of 
the  great  Botanist  (Robert  Brown,  called  by  Humboldt  'Botanicorum 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  29 

facile  princeps') .  Upon  the  completion  of  his  medical  studies,  Brown, 
as  is  well  known,  was  attached  as  ensign  and  assistant-surgeon  to 
a  Scotch  militia  regiment  stationed  upon  the  western  coast  of 
Ireland. 

"An  inconspicuous  plant  with  which  he  here  became  acquainted  — 
the  Eriocaulon  septangulare  —  the  only  European  representative  of 
an  especially  American  order  —  caused  his  life  to  be  diverted  into 
the  exclusive  service  of  Botany;  for,  accompanying  a  recruiting  party 
of  his  regiment  to  London,  in  the  summer  of  1 798,  and  on  the  road 
visiting  his  friend  Dr.  Withering  at  Edgbarton,  near  Birmingham, 
the  latter  caused  him  to  introduce  himself  with  that  plant  and  his 
researches  upon  it  to  Dr.  Dryander.  This  learned  botanist,  librarian 
to  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  astonished  at  the  minuteness  of  the  investigation 
and  the  fulness  of  the  conclusions  derived  therefrom,  recommended 
the  young  military  surgeon  as  a  future  master  in  Botany;  and  Sir 
Joseph  Banks  from  this  time  forward  showed  him  a  paternal  kind- 
ness, and  in  December,  1800,  proposed  him  to  the  Government  as 
Naturalist  to  the  Naval  Exploring  Expedition  to  New  Holland  under 
Captain  Flinders,  then  fitting  out.  Robert  Brown,  at  this  call, 
gave  up  at  once  the  military  career  and  on  the  igth  of  July,  1801, 
sailed  in  the  Investigator  from  Spithead  to  the  newly  discovered 
quarter  of  the  globe." 


XYRIDACE^E    (YELLOW-EYED    GRASS    FAMILY). 

Xyris  (Gronov.)  L.        Yellow-eyed  Grass. 

montana  Ries.  In  bogs,  not  rare, 

fiexuosa  Muhl.  In  bogs  and  wet  places,  common. 


COMMELINACE.E    (SPIDERWORT   FAMILY). 

Oommelina  (Plum.)  L.        Day-flower. 

communis  L.  In  neglected  yards,  Worcester. 


30  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

PONTEDERIACE^E    (PICKEREL-WEED    FAMILY). 

Pontederia  L.        Pickerel-weed, 
cordata  L. 

Margins  of  shallow  ponds  and  streams,  common. 


JUNCACE.E    (RUSH   FAMILY). 

Juncus  (Tourn.)  L.        Rush, 
bufonius  L. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

tennis  Willd.  Very  common  in  fields  and  roadsides. 

Greenei  Oakes  and  Tuckerm. 

Brookfield.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 
eSusus  L.        Common  Rush. 

Very  common  in  moist  ground, 
brevicaudatus  (Engelm.)  Fernald. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
canadensis  J.  Gay.  Marshy  places,  common, 

pelocarpus  Mey. 

Westminster.    Miss  M.  B.  White. 

militaris  Bigel.  In  bogs  and  streams,  Uxbridge. 

acuminatus  Michx.  Common, 

marginatus  Rostk.  In  moist  sandy  places. 

Luzula  DC.        Wood  Rush, 
saltuensis  Fernald. 

Mount  Wachusett. 
parviflora  [Ehrh.]  Desv. 

Mount  Wachusett. 
campestris  (L.)  DC.,  var.  multiflora  (Ehrh.)  Celak. 

In  woodlands,  common. 


ERYTHRONIUM    AMERICANUM    Ker 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  3 1 

LILIACE^E   (LILY  FAMILY). 

Veratrum  (Tourn.)  L.        False  Hellebore, 
viride  Ait.        Indian  Poke. 

In  swamps  and  low  grounds,  common. 
Uvularia  L.        Bellwort. 

perfoliata  L.  In  woods  and  thickets,  common. 

Oakesia  Wats. 

sessilifolia  (L.)  Wats.  With  the  preceding. 

Allium  (Tourn.)  L.        Onion,  Garlic, 
tricoccum  Ait.        Wild  Leek. 

Worcester. 

Schoenoprasum  L.,  var.  sibiricum  (L.)  Hartm. 
Boylston.     Berlin,  Miss  Isabelle  C.  Shattuck. 
canadense.        Wild  Garlic. 

In  moist  meadows,  not  rare. 
Hemerocallis  L.        Day  Lily. 

fulva  L.        Common  Day  Lily. 
Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Lilium  (Tourn.)  L.        Lily. 

philadelphicum  L.        Wild  Orange-red  Lily. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  common, 
superbum  L.     Turk's-cap  Lily. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
canadense  L.        Wild  Yellow  Lily. 

In  swamps  and  meadows. 
tigrinum  Ker.        Tiger  Lily. 

Escaped  from  cultivation.     Roadsides. 
Erythronium  L.        Dog's-tooth  Violet. 

americanum  Ker.        Yellow  Adder 's-tongue. 

Rich  moist  grounds,  common. 


32  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Ornithogalum  (Tourn.)  L.        Star  of  Bethlehem. 

umbellatum  L.  Escaped  from  cultivation. 

Asparagus  (Tourn.)  L.        Asparagus. 
officinalis  L.*        Garden  Asparagus. 

Escaped  from  cultivation. 
Clintonia  Raf. 

borealis  (Ait.)  Raf. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  common. 
Smilacina  Desf.        False  Solomon's  Seal. 
racemosa  (L.)  Desf.        False  Spikenard. 

In  moist  copses,  common, 
trifolia  (L.)  Desf. 

In  swamps,  rare  in  the  southern  part  of  the  county. 
Maianthemum  [Weber  in]  Wiggers. 
canadense  Desf. 

Very  common  in  moist  woods  and  grassy  places. 
Streptopus  Michx.        Twisted-stalk. 

amplexifolius  (L)  DC.  In  rich  woods. 

Mrs.  Elk  L.  Horr. 

roseus  Michx.  In  moist  woods,  not  common. 

Polygonatum  (Tourn.)  Hill.        Solomon's  Seal. 
biflorum  (Walt.)  Ell.        Small  Solomon's  Seal. 

In  woods  and  copses,  common. 
commutatum  (R.  and  S.)  Dietr.         Great  Solomon's  Seal. 

Leicester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 
Medeola  (Gronov.)  L.        Indian  Cucumber-root. 

virginiana  L.  In  woods  and  copses,  common. 

Trillium  L.        Wake  Robin.    Birthroot. 

erectum  L.  In  woods,  common, 

grandiflorum  (Michx.)  Salisb. 

Barre.    Miss  Sara  Lane.  Rare. 


TRILLIUM    UNDULATUM    Willd. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  33 

cernuum  L.        In  rich  woods  and  moist  lands,  common, 
undulatum  Willd.        Painted  Trillium. 

In  rich  woods,  common. 

This  is  "the  Trinity  Flower"  in  Mrs.  Swing's  story  of  that  name 
in  her  "Dandelion  Clocks  and  Other  Tales." 

"And  what  was  the  Trinity  Flower  like,  my  Father?"  asked  the 
boy. 

"It  was  about  the  size  of  Herb  Paris,  my  son,"  replied  the  hermit. 
"But  instead  of  being  fourfold  every  way,  it  numbered  the  mystic 
Three.  Every  part  was  threefold.  The  leaves  were  three,  the  petals 
three,  the  sepals  three.  The  flower  was  snow-white,  but  on  each 
of  the  three  parts  it  was  stained  with  crimson  stripes,  like  white 
garments  dyed  in  blood." 

Aletria  L.        Colic-root. 

farinosa  L.  In  grassy  places,  not  common. 

Smilax  (Tourn.)  L.        Green  Brier. 

herbacea  L.     Carrion-flower.          Common  by  roadsides. 

rotundifolia  L.        Common  Green  Brier. 

Common  in  thickets. 

AMARYLLIDACE^E  (AMARYLLIS  FAMILY). 

Hypoxis  L.        Star  Grass. 

hirsuta  (L.)  Coville.  In  meadows,  common. 

IRIDACE.E  (IRIS  FAMILY). 

Iris  (Tourn.)  L.        Fleur-de-lis. 

versicolor  L.        Larger  Blue  Flag. 

In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  common. 
Sisyrinchium  L.    Blue-eyed  Grass. 

angustifolium  Mill.         In  fields  and  meadows,  common, 
gramineum  Curtis.  In  moist  grassy  places. 

Spencer.    H.  H.  Kingsbury. 


34  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

ORCHID ACE^    (ORCHIS  FAMILY). 

Oypripedium  L.        Lady's  Slipper. 

parvifiomm  Salisb.        Smaller  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper. 

In  woods,  not  common. 
parviflorum,  var.  pubescens  (Willd.)  Knight. 

In  woods,  local  and  rather  rare. 
birsutum  Mill.        Showy  Lady's  Slipper. 

Ashburnham.    Prof.  Vose.  Rare, 

acaule  Ait.       Stemless  Lady's  Slipper.   In  woods,  common. 
Orchis  (Tourn.)  L. 

spectabilis  L.        Showy  Orchis.      In  woods,  occasional. 
Habenaria  Willd.        Fringed  Orchis. 
bracteata  (Willd.)  R.  Br. 

Mount  Wachusett. 

flava  (L.)  Gray.  In  grassy  places,  not  common. 

clavellata  (Michx.)  Spreng. 

Worcester.     Mr.  George  Coult. 
obtusata  (Pursh)  Richards. 

Mount  Wachusett.      Mr.  Pratt. 

Hookeri  Torr.  In  rich  woods,  not  rare. 

orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr.  In  rich  woods,  scarce. 

ciliaris  (L.)  R.  Br.        Yellow  Fringed  Orchis. 

Northborough,  Dr.    Bigelow;    Uxbridge,  Miss    Gold- 

thwaite.  A  rare  species  in  this  county. 

blephariglottis  (Willd.)  Torr.          White  .Fringed  Orchis. 

Princeton.     Veni,  vidi. 
lacera  (Michx.)  R.  Br.        Ragged  Fringed  Orchis. 

In  swamps  and  on  grassy  roadsides, 
leucophsea  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Very  rare  and  local. 

psycodes  (L.)  Sw.       In  meadows  and  swamps,  common. 
fimbriata  (Ait.)  R.  Br.  In  rich  woods  and  meadows. 


POGONIA   VERTICILLATA   (Willd  )    Nutt. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  35 

Pogonia  Juss. 

ophioglossoides  (L.)  Ker. 

In  moist  meadows  and  in  swamps,  common, 
verticillata  (Willd.)  Nutt.  In  moist  woods,  not  rare. 

Calopogon  R.  Br. 

pulchellua  (Sw.)  R.  Br. 

In  wet  meadows  and  in  swamps,  common. 

Arethusa  (Gronov.)  L. 

bulbosa  L.  In  moist  meadows  and  in  swamps. 

Spiranthes  Richard.        Ladies'  Tresses. 
Beckii  Lindl. 

Winchendon.    Mr.  A.  S.  AUen. 

gracilis  (Bigel.)  Beck.  In  dry  fields,  common. 

lucida  (H.  H.  Eaton)  Ames. 

In  moist  places,  somewhat  rare, 
cernua  (L.)  Richard.  In  moist  meadows,  common. 

Epipactis  (Haller)  Bcehm.        Rattlesnake  Plantain. 

repens  (L.)  Crantz,  var.  ophioides  (Fernald)  A.  A.  Eaton. 

In  rich  woods,  not  rare, 
pubescens  (Willd.)  A.  A.  Eaton.         With  the  preceding. 

Corallorbiza  (Haller)  R.  Br.        Coral  Root. 

trifida  Chatelain.       In  swampy  woodlands,  not  common, 
maculata  Raf.  In  dry  woods. 

odontorbiza  Nutt. 

Southbridge,  Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 

Microstylis  (Nutt.)  Eaton.        Adder's  Mouth. 
monophyllos  (L.)  Lindl. 

Spencer.     H.  H.  Kingsbury. 
unifolia  (Michx.)  BSP. 

Sutton. 


36  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Liparis  Richard.        Twayblade. 

liliifolia  (L.)  Richard.  In  rich  woods,  not  common. 

Loeselii  (L.)  Richard. 

Spencer.    Miss  A.  E.  Tucker. 


SALICACEjE   (WILLOW   FAMILY). 

Salix  (Tourn.)  L.        Willow. 

nigra  Marsh.        Black  Willow. 

Along  streams  and  ponds. 
lucida  Muhl.        Shining  Willow. 

Along  roadsides  in  wet  places. 
fragilis  L.        Crack  Willow. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 

alba  L.        White  Willow.  In  moist  soil,  scarce. 

alba,  var.  vitellina  (L.)  Koch. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
cordata  Muhl. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 
pedicellaris  Pursh. 

Leicester. 

discolor  Muhl.        Glaucous  Willow.     *  Common. 

humilis  Marsh.        Prairie  Willow.  Not  common, 

tristis  Ait.        Dwarf  Gray  Willow. 

Uxbridge.    Dr.  Thomas  Morong. 

sericea  Marsh.        Silky  Willow.  Common. 

rostrata  Richards. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 

Populus  (Tourn.)  L.        Poplar.        Aspen, 
tremuloides  Michx.  American  Aspen. 

In  rich  woods,  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  37 

grandidentata  Michx.        Large-toothed  Aspen. 

With  the  preceding. 
candicans  Ait.        Balm  of  Gilead. 

Escaped  from  cultivation, 
deltoides  Marsh.        Cottonwood  Poplar.  .    „ 

Millbury,  probably  transplanted. 

MYRICACE^E    (SWEET  GALE  FAMILY). 

Myrica  L. 

Gale  L.        Sweet  Gale. 

In  swamps  and  along  ponds,  common, 
carolinensis  Mill.  Bayberry.  In  dry  soil,  common, 
asplenifolia  L.  Sweet  Fern.  In  dry  soil,  very  common. 

JUGLANDACE^S   (WALNUT   FAMILY). 

Juglans  L.        Walnut. 

cinerea  L.        Butternut.  In  rich  woods,  common. 

Carya  Nutt.        Hickory. 

ovata  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.        Shag-bark  Hickory. 

In  woods  and  pastures. 
glabra  (Mill.)  Spach.        Pignut. 

In  woods  and  pastures,  common, 
cordiformis  (Wang.)  K.  Koch.        Bitter  Nut. 

In  woods  and  swamps.    Millbury. 

BETULACE^E  (BIRCH   FAMILY). 

Corylus  (Tourn.)  L.        Hazelnut. 
americana  Walt.        Hazelnut. 

In  thickets  and  by  roadsides, 
rostrata  Ait.        Beaked  Hazel.  With  the  preceding. 


38  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Ostrya  (Mich.)  Scop.        Hop  Hornbeam. 

virginiana  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.      American  Hop  Hornbeam. 

In  rich  dry  woods. 

Carpinus  (Tourn.)  L.        Hornbeam.     Ironwood. 
caroliniana  Walt.        American  Hornbeam. 

In  rich  woods,  common. 

Betula  (Tourn.)  L.        Birch. 

lenta  L.        Black  Birch.  In  rich  woods,  common. 

lutea  Michx.  f.        Yellow  Birch. 

In  moist  woods  and  swamps. 
nigra  L.        Red  Birch. 

Fitchburg.    Mr.  E.  A.  Hartwell. 
populifolia  Marsh.        Gray  Birch. 

In  moist  or  dry  soil,  very  common. 
alba  L.,  var.  papyrifera  (Marsh)  Spach.       Paper  Birch. 

In  rich  woods,  common  northward. 

Alnus  (Tourn.)  Hill.        Alder. 

incana  (L.)  Moench.        Speckled  Alder. 

In  wet  soil,  common. 
nigosa  (DuRoi)  Spreng.        Smooth  Alder. 

In  wet  soil,  not  as  common  as  the  preceding. 


FAGACE^E  (BEECH  FAMILY). 

Fagus  (Tourn.)  L.        Beech. 

grandifolia  Ehrh.        American  Beech. 

In  rich  woods,  common. 

Castanea  (Tourn.)  Hill.         Chestnut. 

dentata  (Marsh.)  Borkh.        Chestnut. 

In  rich  soil,  very  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  39 

Quercus  (Tourn.)  L.        Oak. 

alba  L.        White  Oak.  Common. 

bicolor  Willd.        Swamp  White  Oak. 

In  rich  woods,  not  rare. 

prinoides  Willd.  In  dry  soil. 

Prinus  L.         Chestnut  Oak.  In  dry  soil,  common, 

rubra  L.        Red  Oak.  Common, 

palustris  Muench.        Pin  Oak. 

In  the  southern  part  of  the  county, 
coccinea  Muench.        Scarlet  Oak.  Common, 

velutina  Lam.        Black  Oak.  Common, 

ilicifolia  Wang.       Scrub  Oak.      Common,  in  sandy  soil. 

URTICACE^E  (NETTLE  FAMILY). 

Ulmus  (Tourn.)  L. .       Elm. 

fulva  Michx.       Slippery  Elm.      In  rich  woods,  not  rare. 

americana  L.        American  Elm. 

In  rich  woods,  common. 
Celtis  (Tourn.)  L.        Hackberry. 

occidentalis  L.        Sugarberry.  Rare. 

Cannabis  (Tourn.)  L.        Hemp. 

sativa  L.  In  waste  places,    Worcester. 

Humulus  L.        Hop. 

Lupulus  L.        Common  Hop. 

In  thickets  and  along  river-banks. 
Moms  (Tourn.)  L.        Mulberry. 

alba  L.        White  Mulberry. 

Sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation,  Millbury. 
Urtica  (Tourn.)  L.        Nettle. 

gracilis  Ait.  In  waste  places,  common. 

dioica  L.        Stinging  Nettle.  In  waste  places. 


40       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Laportea  Gaud.        Wood  Nettle. 

canadensis  (L.)  Gaud.  In  rich  woods. 

PUea  Lindl.        Richweed. 

pumila  (L.)  Gray. 

In  waste,  shady  places,  common. 
Boehmeria  Jacq.        False  Nettle. 

cylindrica  (L.)  Sw.  In  moist  soil,  common. 

SANTALACE^:  (SANDALWOOD  FAMILY). 

Comandra  Nutt.        Bastard  Toad-flax. 

umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  In  dry  fields  and  woods. 

ARISTOLOCHIACE^  (BIRTHWORT  FAMILY). 

Asarum  (Tourn.)  L.        Wild  Ginger. 

canadense  L.  In  rich  woods,  Worcester;  Millbury. 

POLYGONACE^E  (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY). 

Rum  ex  L.        Dock  Sorrel. 

Patientia  L.        Patience  Dock. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Britannica  L.        Great  Water  Dock. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

crispus  L.        Yellow  Dock.  Common. 

verticillatus  L.    Swamp  Dock. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

conglomerate  Murr.  In  moist  places. 

obtusifolius  L.        Bitter  Dock. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 
Acetosella  L.        Field  Sorrel.  Common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  41 

Polygonum  (Tourn.)  L.        Knotweed. 

aviculare  L.  Common,  in  waste  places, 

erectum  L.  Common,  by  waysides, 

tenue,  Michx. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton, 
lapathifolium  L. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
amphibium  L. 

North  Worcester. 
Muhlenbergii  (Meisn.)  Wats. 

North  Worcester. 
pennsylvanicum  L. 

Royalston.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 
Careyi  Olney. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  N.  Harper. 
hydropiper  L.        Common  Smartweed. 

In  moist  waste  places,  common. 
acre  HBK.        Water  Smartweed. 

In  wet  places,  common. 

orientale  L.        Prince's  Feather.     Escaped  from  gardens. 
Persicaria  L.        Lady's  Thumb. 

In  waste  places,  Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 

virginicum  L.  In  thickets, 

arifolium  L.        Halberd-leaved  Tear-thumb. 

In  low  ground, 
sagittatum  L.    Arrow-leaved  Tear-thumb. 

In  low  grounds,  common. 
Convolvulus  L.        Black  Bindweed. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 

cilinode  Michx.  In  rocky  places, 

scandens  L.        Climbing  False  Buckwheat. 

Gardner.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 


42  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Fagopyrum  (Tourn.)  Hill.        Buckwheat, 
esculentum  Moench.         Buckwheat. 

Escaped  from  cultivation. 

Polygonella  Michx. 

articulata  (L.)  Meisn. 
Mendon;  Gardner. 


CHENOPODIACE./E  (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY). 

Chenopodium  (Tourn.)  L.        Goosefoot. 
Botrys  L.         Jerusalem  Oak. 
Lunenberg.     Mr.  Kilburn. 
capitatum  (L.)  Asch.        Strawberry  Elite. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
hybridum  L.        Maple-leaved  Goosefoot. 

In  waste  places 
album  L.        Pigweed, 
album,  var.  viride  (L.)  Moq. 

In  waste  places,  both  common. 


AMARANTHACE^E  (AMARANTH  FAMILY), 

Amaranthus  (Tourn.)  L.        Amaranth. 
retroflexus  L.        Pigweed. 

In  cultivated  grounds,  common. 
hybridus  L.        Pigweed. 

Fitchburg.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton, 
grjecizans  L.        Tumble  Weed. 

In  waste  grounds, 
spinosus  L.        Thorny  Amaranth. 
crispus  (Lesp.  and  Thev.)  A.  Br. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  43 

PHYTOLACCACE^:  (POKEWEED  FAMILY). 

Phytolacca  (Tourn.)  L.        Pokeweed. 
decandra  L.        Pigeon  Berry. 

Common  in  various  situations. 

ILLECEBRACE.E  (KNOTWEED  FAMILY). 

Scleranthus  L.        Knawel. 

annuus  L. 

Worcester.      Mr.  John  Coulson. 
Anychia  Michx.        Forked  Chickweed. 

canadensis  (L.)  BSP.  In  open  grounds. 

AIZOACE.E. 

Mollugo  L.        Indian  Chickweed. 
verticillata  L.         Carpet  Weed. 

In  waste  grounds,  very  common. 

CARYOPHYLLACE.E  (PINK  FAMILY). 

Spergularia  J.  and  C.  Presl.        Sand  Spurrey. 
rubra  (L.)  J.  and  C.  Presl.        Sand  Spurrey. 

By  roadsides,  in  dry  soil. 
Spergula  L.        Spurrey. 

arvensis  L.      Corn  Spurrey.    In  fields  and  waste  places. 
Sagina  L.        Pearlwort. 

procumbens  L.  In  moist  pastures. 

Arenaria  L.        Sandwort. 

lateriflora  L.  In  moist  places,  not  rare, 

serpyllifolia  L.        Thyme-leaved  Sandwort. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  R.  M.  Harper.  In  dry  places, 

groenlandica  (Retz)  Spreng.        Mountain  Sandwort. 
Ashburnham.     Prof.  J.  E.  Vose. 


44  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Stellaria  L.        Chickweed. 

borealis  Bigel.  In  woody  places;  Auburn, 

longifolia  Muhl.  In  low  meadows,  common. 

graminea  L. 

Dudley.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 
media  L.        Common  Chickweed. 

In  waste  places,  common. 

Cerastium  L.        Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 

arvense  L.        Field  Mouse-ear.  In  dry  places. 

vulgatum  L.        Common  Mouse-ear. 

In  waste  places,  common. 
viscosum  L.  In  grassy  places. 

Agrostemma  L.        Corn  Cockle. 

Githago  L.  In  waste  places. 

Lychnis  (Tourn.)  L.        Campion. 

Coronaria  (L.)  Desr.        Mullein  Pink. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Flos-cuculi  L.        Ragged  Robin. 

In  waste  places,  occasional. 
chalcedonica  L.        Scarlet  Lychnis. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
dioica  L.        Red  Campion. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
alba  Mill.        White  Campion. 

In  waste  places,  not  common. 

Silene  L.        Catchfly. 

antirrhina  L.        Sleepy  Catchfly. 

In  waste  places,  not  common. 
Armeria  L.        Sweet  William  Catchfly. 
Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  45 

noctiflora  L.        Night-flowering  Catchfly. 

Sutton.    Dr.  George  C.  Webber. 
Pennsylvania  Michx,        Wild  Pink. 

In  dry  soil,  not  common. 

latifolia  (Mill.)  Britten  and  Rendle.      Bladder  Campion. 
In  meadows  and  waste  places. 
Saponaria  L. 

officinalis  L.        Soapwort. 

By  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 

Gypsophila  L. 
xnuralis  L. 
Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

Dianthus  L.        Pink. 

deltoides  L.        Maiden  Pink.          In  waste  places,  rare, 
barbatus  L.        Sweet  William. 

Escaped  from  cultivation. 
Armeria  L.        Deptford  Pink. 

In  dry  pastures,  not  common. 

PORTULACACE.E  (PURSLANE  FAMILY). 

Claytonia  (Gronov.)  L.        Spring  Beauty. 

caroliniana  Michx.  In  damp  woods,  not  uncommon. 

"That  year  (1827),  in  the  course  of  the  winter,  I  picked  up  and 
read  the  article  'Botany'  in  Brewster's  'Edinburgh  Encyclopedia,' 
a  poor  thing,  no  doubt,  but  it  interested  me  much.  I  bought  Eaton's 
'Manual  of  Botany,'  pored  over  its  pages,  and  waited  for  spring. 
In  the  spring,  I  think  that  of  1828,  I  sallied  forth  one  April  day  into 
the  bare  woods,  found  an  early  specimen  of  a  plant  in  flower,  peeping 
through  dead  leaves,  brought  it  home,  and  with  Eaton's  'Manual' 
without  much  difficulty  I  ran  it  down  to  its  name,  Claytonia 


46       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

virginica."  (It  was  really  C.  caroliniana,  but  the  two  were  not 
distinguished  in  that  book).  —  See  "Letters  of  Asa  Gray,"  vol.  I, 
P-  13- 

Portulacca  (Tourn.)  L.        Purslane. 
oleracea  L.        Common  Purslane. 

In  fields  and  cultivated  grounds,  common. 
This  is  the  "pusley"  of  Charles  Dudley  Warner's  My  Summer  in 
a  Garden.  "I  am  satisfied  that  it  is  useless  to  try  to  cultivate  'pus- 
ley.'  I  set  a  little  of  it  one  side,  and  gave  it  some  extra  care.  It  did 
not  thrive  as  well  as  that  which  I  was  fighting.  The  fact  is,  there 
is  a  spirit  of  moral  perversity  in  the  plant  which  makes  it  grow  the 
more,  the  more  it  is  interfered  with.  I  am  satisfied  of  that.  I  doubt 
if  any  one  has  raised  more  'pusley'  this  year  than  I  have;  and  my 
warfare  with  it  has  been  continual.  Neither  of  us  has  slept  much." 

CERATOPHYLLACE^E  (HORNWORT  FAMILY). 

Ceratophyllum  L.        Hornwort. 

demersum  L.  In  ponds. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 

NYMPH^EACE^:  (WATER  LILY  FAMILY). 

Nymphsea  (Tourn.)  L.        Yellow  Pond  Lily, 
advena  Ait.        Cow  Lily. 

In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  common. 
xnicrophylla  Pers. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
Castalia  Salisb.        Water  Lily. 

odorata  (Ait.)  Woodville  and  Wood.     Sweet-scented  Water 
Lily.  In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  common. 

Brasenia  Schreb.        Water  Shield. 

Schreberi  Gmel.  In  ponds  and  slow  streams. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  47 

RANUNCULACE^:  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY). 

Ranunculus  (Tourn.)  L.        Crowfoot.     Buttercup. 

aquatilis  L.,  var.  capillaceus  DC.        White  Water  Crow- 
foot. In  ponds  and  streams, 
delphinifolius  Torr.        Yellow  Water  Crowfoot. 

In  ponds  and  quiet  waters. 

Flammula  L.,var.  reptans  (L.)  Mey.       Creeping  Spear- 
wort. 

Lancaster.     Rev.  F.  L.  Palmer, 
abortivus  L.        Small- flowered  Crowfoot. 

In  woods  and  moist  grounds,  common. 
recurvatus  Poir.        Hooked  Crowfoot. 

In  woods,  common, 
fascicularis  Muhl.        Early  Crowfoot. 

In  woods  and  copses, 
septentrionalis  Poir.        Swamp  Crowfoot. 

Worcester. 
repens  L.        Creeping  Buttercup. 

See  Rhodora,  vol.  II,  October,  1900. 
pennsylvanicus  L.  f.        Bristly  Buttercup. 

Barre.     Miss  Sara  Lane, 
bulbosus  L.        Bulbous  Buttercup. 

In  fields  and  on  roadsides,  common, 
acris  L.        Tall  Buttercup. 

With  the  preceding,  very  common. 
Thalictrum  (Tourn.)  L.        Meadow  Rue. 
dioicum  L.        Early  Meadow  Rue. 

In  woods  and  copses,  common. 

revolutum  DC.  In  woods  and  copses, 

polygamun  Muhl.        Tall  Meadow  Rue. 

In  open  wet  meadows,  very  common. 


48  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Anemonella  Spach. 

thalictroides  (L.)  Spach.        Rue  Anemone. 

In  woods  and  copses. 
Hepatica  (Rupp.)  Hill.        Liverleaf.    Hepatica. 

triloba  Chaix.  In  rocky  woods  and  copses. 

Anemone  (Tourn.)  L.        Anemone, 
cylindrica  Gray. 

In  open  places,  especially  by  roadsides. 
virginiana  L.  In  woods  and  copses. 

quinquefolia  L.        Wood  Anemone. 

Along  the  margin  of  woodlands,  common. 

"Thou  lookest  up  with  meek,  confiding  eye, 

Upon  the  clouded  smile  of  April's  face, 
Unharmed,  though  Winter  stands  uncertain  by, 
Eying  with  jealous  glance  each  opening  grace." 

JONES  VERY'S  Poems,  p.  91:  The  Wind/lower. 

Clematis  L.        Virgin's  Bower. 

vkginiana  L.          Along  roadsides,  fences,  etc.,  common, 
verticillaris  DC.  .  In  rocky  woods. 

Brookfield;  Warren. 

This  is  the  "Atragene  Americana"  of  the  following  quotation  from 
O.  W.  Holmes's  "Elsie  Venner,"  Chapters  VII  and  XII. 

"'Here,  I  brought  this  for  you.'  The  doctor  started  as  she  handed 
him  a  flower  of  Atragene  Americana,  for  he  knew  that  there  was  only 
one  spot  where  it  grew,  and  that  not  one  where  any  rash  foot,  least  of 
all  a  thin-shod  woman's  foot,  should  venture. 

"In  the  morning  he  [Bernard  Langdon,the  schoolmaster]  happened 
to  be  a  little  late  in  entering  the  school-room.  There  was  something 
between  the  leaves  of  the  Virgil  which  lay  upon  his  desk.  He  opened 
it  and  saw  a  freshly  gathered  mountain  flower.  He  looked  at  Elsie, 
instinctively,  involuntarily.  She  had  another  such  flower  on  her 
breast." 


CLEMATIS    VERTICILLARIS    DC. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  49 

Caltha  (Rupp.)  L.        Marsh  Marigold. 

palustris  L.        Incorrectly  called  Cowslips. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows. 

"And   the  wild  marsh-marigold  shines  like  fire  in  swamps  and 
hollows  gray." 

TENNYSON:  The  May  Queen. 

Coptis  Salisb.        Goldthread. 

trifolia  (L.)  Salisb.  In  damp  mossy  woods. 

Aquilegia  (Tourn.)  L.        Columbine. 

canadensis  L.        Wild  Columbine. 

In  rocky  woods  and  copses,  common. 

"Great  crowds  of  scarlet  columbines 

Made  sunrise  hi  the  woods." 

See  Lucy  Larcom's  "Childhood  Songs":  Farther  On. 
Also,  Jones  Very's  Poems,  p.  93:  The  Columbine. 

Actsea  L.        Baneberry. 

rubra  (Ait.)  Willd.        Red  Baneberry. 

In  woods  and  copses,  not  abundant, 
alba  (L.)  Mill.        White  Baneberry. 

With  the  preceding. 

MAGNOLIACE^E  (MAGNOLIA  FAMILY). 

Liriodendron  L.        Tulip  Tree. 

Tulipifera  L.  Rare. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 

BERBERIDACE^E  (BARBERRY  FAMILY). 

Podophyllum  L.        May  Apple.    Mandrake. 

peltatum  L.  Rare. 

Boylston. 


50       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Caulophyllun  Michx.         Blue  Cohosh. 

thalictroides  (L.)  Michx.        Pappoose  Root. 

In  rich  woods. 
Berberis  (Tourn.)  L.        Barberry. 

vulgaris  L.        Common  Barberry.  In  pastures. 

LAURACE^:  (LAUREL  FAMILY). 

Sassafras  Nees. 

variifolium  (Salisb.)  Ktze.  In  dry  or  sandy  soil. 

"'That's  saxifax,'  said  her  companion  [Obed],  striking  his  spade 
into  the  roots  of  a  well-known  shrub.  '  It's  good  teu  chaw ;  the  settlers 
eats  it  —  take  it  down  and  they'll  give  ye  ribbons  and  beads  for  it. 
Taste  on't,'  he  said,  'it's  good  as  nutcakes.'  Margaret  loitered, 
wandered,  attracted  by  the  flowers  she  stopped  to  pick." —  JUDD'S 
Margaret,  vol.  I,  p.  33. 

Benzoin  Fabric.        Fever  Bush. 

sestivale  (L.)  Nees.       Spice  Bush.        In  moist  grounds. 

PAPAVERACE.E  (POPPY   FAMILY). 

Sanguinaria  (Dill.)  L.        Bloodroot. 

canadensis  L.  In  rich  woods  and  moist  grounds. 

Chelidonium  (Tourn.)  L.  Celandine. 

majus  L.  In  waste  places,  common. 

Argemone  (Tourn.)  L.  Prickly  Poppy. 

mexicana  L.  Mexican  Poppy.  In  waste  places,  rare. 
Worcester. 

FUMARIACE^E  (FUMITORY  FAMILY). 

Adlumia  Raf.        Climbing  Fumitory. 

fungosa  (Ait.)  Greene.  Rare. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  5 1 

Dicentra  Bernh. 

Cucullaria  (L.)  Bernh.        Dutchman's  Breeches. 

Barre.     Miss  Sara  Lane, 
canadensis  (Goldie)  Walp.        Squirrel  Corn. 

Barre ;  Winchendon. 
Corydalis  (DiU.)  Medic. 

sempervirens  (L.)  Pers.        Pale  Corydalis. 

In  rocky  places  and  in  dry  woods. 
aurea  Willd.         Golden  Corydalis. 

Winchendon.     Mr.  F.  R.  Hathaway. 
Fumaria  (Tourn.)  L.        Fumitory. 

officinalis  L.        Common  Fumitory. 

In  waste  places,  escaped. 


CRUCIFER^  (MUSTARD  FAMILY). 

Berteroa  DC. 

incana  (L.)  DC. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 
Alyssum  (Tourn.)  L. 

alyssoides  L.  Occasional. 

Thlaspi  (Tourn.)  L.        Penny  Cress. 

arvense  L.     Field  Penny  Cress.        In  waste  places,  rare. 
Lepidium  (Tourn.)  L.        Peppergrass. 
virginicum.        Wild  Peppergrass. 

In  waste  places  and  by  roadsides,  common, 
ruderale  L. 

Worcester.     Mr.  John  Coulson. 
campestre  (L.)  R.  Br. 

Still  River.    Miss  A.  H.  Tucker. 
Draba  L. 
Worcester.    Mr.  N.  P.  Woodward. 


52  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Capsella  Medic.        Shepherd's  Purse. 
Bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Medic. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  very  common. 
Camelina  Crantz.        False  Flax. 

sativa  (L.)  Crantz.  Occasional. 

Raphanus  (Tourn.)  L.        Radish. 

Raphanistrum  L.        WUd  Radish. 

Lunenburg.    Mr.  Kilburn. 

sativus  L.        Radish.  Occasionally  spontaneous. 

Brassica  (Tourn.)  L.        Mustard, 
arvensis  (L.)  Ktze.        Charlock. 
Worcester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 
nigra  (L.)  Koch.        Black  Mustard. 

In  waste  places,  common. 
campestris  L.        Ruta-baga. 

Holden.    Mr.  Delano  Douglass. 
Conringia  (Heist)  Link.         Hare's-ear  Mustard, 
orientalis  (L.)  Dumont. 

Worcester.     Mrs.  John  Wetherbee. 
Sisymbrium  (Tourn.)  L.        Hedge  Mustard. 
officinale  (L.)  Scop. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton, 
altissimum  L.        Tumble  Mustard. 

Worcester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 
Erysimum  (Tourn.)  L.        Treacle  Mustard, 
cheiranthoides  L.        Worm-seed  Mustard. 

Worcester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 
Radicula  [Dill.]  Hill.        Water  Cress. 

Nasturtium-aquaticum  (L.)  Britten  and  Rendle. 

In  brooks  and  streams,  common, 
palustris  (L.)  Moench.        Marsh  Cress. 

In  wet  places,  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  53 

palustris  (L.)  Moench.,  var.  hispida  (Desv.)  Robinson. 

With  the  preceding. 
Armoracia  (L.)  Robinson.        Horseradish. 

Escaped  from  gardens. 

Barbarea  R.  Br.        Winter  Cress. 

vulgaris  R.  Br.        Common  Winter  Cress. 

In  fields  and  waste  places. 

Dentaria  (Tourn.)  L.        Pepper-root, 
diphylla  Michx. 

North  Brookfield.    Miss  E.  M.  Reed. 
Oardamine  (Tourn.)  L.        Bitter  Cress. 

bulbosa  (Schreb.)  BSP.        Spring  Cress. 

In  wet  meadows. 

hirsuta  L.  In  wet  places. 

parviflora  L. 

Mount  Wachusett.    W.  W.  B.  and  J:  F.  C. 
pennsylvanica  Muhl. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Arabia  L.        Rock  Cress. 

glabra  (L.)  Bernh.        Tower  Mustard. 

Sutton;  Worcester. 
Isevigata  (Muhl.)  Poir.,  var.  Burkii  Porter. 

Boylston. 

canadensis  L.        Sickle-pod. 
Sutton. 

CAPPARIDACE^:  (CAPER  FAMILY). 

Cleome  L. 

spinosa  L.        Spider-flower. 
Worcester.    Mr.  George  Coult.  Waste  ground. 


54  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

RESEDACE^:  (MIGNONETTE  FAMILY). 

Reseda  (Tourn.)  L.        Mignonette. 
albaL. 
Worcester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 

SARRACENIACEvE  (PITCHER-PLANT  FAMILY). 

Sarracenia  (Tourn.)  L. 

purpurea  L.        Pitcher-plant. 

In  peat  bogs  and  similar  places,  common. 
"Several  Frenchmen  of  a  certain  intellectual  eminence  made  their 
abode  in  Canada  from  time  to  time.  Sarrazin,  a  naturalist  as  well 
as  a  physician,  has  left  his  name  to  the  botanical  genus  Sarracenia, 
of  which  the  curious  American  species,  S.  purpurea,  the  'pitcher- 
plant,'  was  described  by  him.  His  position  in  the  colony  was 
singular  and  characteristic.  He  got  little  or  no  pay  from  his  patients; 
and,  though  at  one  time  the  only  genuine  physician  in  Canada,  he  was 
dependent  on  the  king  for  support.  In  1699,  we  find  him  thanking 
his  Majesty  for  300  francs  a  year,  and  asking  at  the  same  time  for 
more,  as  he  had  nothing  else  to  live  on.  He  died  at  Quebec  in  1734." 
—  See  Parkman's  "The  Old  Regime  in  Canada,"  Chapter  XIX, 
note  at  end. 

DROSERACE^:   (SUNDEW  FAMILY). 

Drosera  L.        Sundew. 

rotundifolia  L.        Round-leaved  Sundew. 

In  bogs  and  in  wet  sand,  common. 

"During  the  summer  of  1860,  I  was  surprised  by  finding  how 
large  a  number  of  insects  were  caught  by  the  leaves  of  the  common 
sundew  (Drosera  rotundifolia)  on  a  heath  in  Sussex.  I  had  heard 
that  insects  were  thus  caught,  but  knew  nothing  further  on  the  subject. 
I  gathered  by  chance  a  dozen  plants,  bearing  fifty-six  fully  expanded 
leaves,  and  on  thirty-one  of  these  dead  insects  or  remnants  of  them 


SARRACENIA    PURPUREA    L. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  5  5 

adhered.  On  one  plant  all  six  leaves  had  caught  their  prey;  and  on 
several  plants  very  many  leaves  had  caught  more  than  a  single  insect. 
On  one  large  leaf  I  found  the  remains  of  thirteen  distinct  insects." 
—  See  Darwin's  "Insectivorous  Plants,"  pp.  1-277,  for  an  account 
of  this  one  species. 

iongifolia  L.  In  bogs  and  in  wet  sand. 

PODOSTEMACE^:  (RIVER  WEED  FAMILY). 

Podostemum  Michx.        River  Weed. 

ceratophyllum  Michx.  In  shallow  waters. 

CRASSULACE^E   (ORPINE  FAMILY). 

Penthorum  (Gronov.)  L.        Ditch  Stonecrop. 

sedoides  L.  In  ditches  and  swamps,  common. 

Sedum  (Tourn.)  L.        Stonecrop. 

acre  L.     Mossy  Stonecrop.         Escaped  from  cultivation, 
ternatum  Michx. 

Worcester.     Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton, 
purpureum  Tausch.        Live-for-ever. 

Escaped  from  cultivation. 
Sempervivum  (Rupp.)  L.        Houseleek. 
tectorum  L.        Hen-and-chickens. 
Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

SAXIFRAGACE^E   (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY). 

Saxifraga  (Tourn.)  L.        Saxifrage. 

pennsylvanica  L.        Swamp  Saxifrage. 

In  swampy  places,  common, 
virginiensis  Michx.        Early  Saxifrage. 

In  dry  and  rocky  woodlands,  common. 


56  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Tiarella  L.        Fake  Mitrewort. 
cordifolia  L. 

Common  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 
Mitella  (Tourn.)  L.        Mitrewort. 

diphylla  L.  In  rich  woods,  common. 

Chrysosplenium  (Tourn.)  L.        Golden  Saxifrage. 

americanum  Schwein.  In  wet,  shaded  places. 

Parnassia  (Tourn.)  L.        Grass  of  Parnassus. 

caroliniana  Michx.  In  swamps  and  low  meadows. 

Hydrangea  (Gronov.)  L. 

arborescens  L.         Wild  Hydrangea. 

Barre.    Miss  Sara  Lane. 
Ribes  L.         Currant.     Gooseberry. 

Cynosbati  L.     Prickly  Gooseberry.  In  rocky  woods. 

rotundifolium  Michx. 

Princeton. 

oxyacanthoides  L.     Smooth  Gooseberry.  In  copses. 

americanum  Mill.        Wild  Black  Currant. 

Tatnuck. 
pro  stratum  L'Her.        Skunk  Currant. 

Mount  Wachusett. 
vulgare  Lam.        Red  Currant. 
Templeton;  Winchendon. 

HAMAMELIDACE.E  (WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY). 

Hamamelis  L.        Witch-hazel. 

virginiana  L.  In  woods  and  copses,  common. 

PLATANACE^   (PLANE  TREE  FAMILY). 

Platanus  (Tourn.)  L.        Sycamore.    Buttonwood. 

occidentalis  L.  In  rich  soil. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  57 

ROSACES  (ROSE  FAMILY). 

Physocarpus  Maxim.        Nine-bark. 

opulifolius  (L.)  Maxim.  Escaped. 

Worcester.    Miss  E.  J.  Seaver. 
Spiraea  (Tourn.)  L. 

latifolia  (Ait.)  Borkh.      Meadow-sweet. 

In  pastures  and  by  roadsides,  common, 
tomentosa  L.      Hardback.         In  low  grounds,  common. 
Pyrus  (Tourn.)  L. 

Malus  L.        Wild  Apple. 

Escaped,  on  the  margin  of  woods, 
arbutifolia  (L.)  L.  f.        Chokeberry. 

In  huckleberry  pastures,  common, 
melanocarpa  (Michx.)  Willd. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods, 
americana  (Marsh.)  DC.        American  Mountain  Ash. 

Mount  Wachusett. 
Aucuparia  (L.)  Ehrh.        European  Mountain  Ash. 

Spontaneous  at  Henshaw  Pond,  Leicester. 
Amelanchier  Medic.         Juneberry. 

canadensis  (L.)  Medic.        Shadbush. 

In  dry  woodlands,  common. 
Crataegus  L.        Hawthorn, 
punctata  Jacq. 

Worcester. 

coccinea  L.  In  rocky  woods, 

rotundifolia  Moench 
pruinosa  (Wendl.)  K.  Koch. 

See  Rhodora,  1903,  p.  54. 
pruinosa,  var.  conjuncta  (Sarg.)  Eggleston. 
See  Rhodora,  1903,  p.  58. 


$8  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Holme  siana  Ashe. 

See  Botanical  Gazette,  January,  1901. 
mollis  (T.  and  G.)  Scheele. 

Fitchburg. 

macracantha  Lodd.  In  thickets. 

Fragaria  (Tourn.)  L.        Strawberry. 
virginiana  Duchesne. 

In  fields  and  rich  woodlands,  common. 
vesca,  L.  var.  americana  Porter.        In  open  rocky  woods. 
Waldsteinia  Willd. 

fragarioides  (Michx.)  Trattinick.          Barren  Strawberry. 

Winchendon.     Mr.  F.  R.  Hathaway. 
Potentilla  L.         Cinquefoil. 
monspeliensis  L. 

In  pastures  and  open  grounds,  common, 
argentea  L.  Silvery  Cinquefoil.  In  dry  soil,  common. 
recta  L. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

palustris  (L.)  Scop.        Marsh  Five-finger.  Rare, 

fruticosa  L.        Shrubby  Cinquefoil. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  county. 
tridentata  Ait.        Three-toothed  Cinquefoil. 

Mount  Wachusett. 

pumila  Poir.    Worcester.  In  dry  soil,  very  common, 

canadensis  L.  Common, 

canadensis  L.  var.  simplex  [Michx]  T.  and  G. 

Worcester.  Common. 

Geum  L.         Avens. 

canadense  Jacq.  Along  the  edge  of  woods. 

virginianum  L.  With  the  preceding, 

strictum  Ait.  In  moist  meadows, 

rivale  L.     Purple  Avens.       In  moist  meadows,  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  59 

Rubus  (Tourn.)  L. 

idaeus  L.,  var.  aculeatissimus  (C.  A.  Mey.)  Regel  and 
Tiling.  In  thickets  and  by  roadsides,  common, 

occidentalis  L.    Black  Raspberry.      With  the  preceding, 
odoratus  L.        Purple  Flowering  Raspberry. 

In  rocky  woods  and  by  roadsides,  northward, 
triflorus  Richards.        Dwarf  Raspberry. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods. 

canadensis  L.  In  sandy  soil,  common, 

setosus  Bigel. 

Peat  Meadow,  Worcester;  Mr.  George  Coult. 
hispidus  L.  In  swamps  and  low  grounds, 

villosus  Ait.        Dewberry.  In  thickets. 

Dalibarda  Kalm. 

repens  L.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 

Agrimonia  (Tourn.)  L.        Agrimony. 

gryposepala,  Wallr.       In  thickets  and  by  fences,  common. 
Sanguisorba  (Rupp.)  L.        Burnet. 

canadensis  L.     Canadian  Burnet.  In  low  meadows. 

Brookfield. 
Rosa  (Tourn.)  L.        Rose. 

cinnamomea  L.        Cinnamon  Rose. 

Established,  Templeton,  Mr.  P.  Blodgett' 
rubiginosa  L.        Sweetbrier. 

Rocky  pastures  etc.,  common. 
gallica  L. 

Established,  Templeton,  Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
nitida  Willd.  In  borders  of  swamps. 

Carolina  L.  In  borders  of  swamps, 

virginiana  Mill.      In  borders  of  swamps  and  rocky  shores, 
humilis,  Marsh.  In  dry  or  rocky  soil. 


60       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Promts  (Tourn.)  L.        Cherry.    Plum. 
serotina  Ehrh.        WUd  Black  Cherry. 

Along  roadsides  and  fences,  common. 
virginiana  L.        Choke  Cherry. 

With  the  preceding.     Common. 
pennsylvanica  L.  f.        Wild  Red  Cherry. 

In  rocky  woods,  common. 
pumila  L.        Sand  Cherry. 
Winchendon.    Mr.  A.  S.  Allen. 


LEGUMINOS^E   (PULSE  FAMILY). 

Cassia  (Tourn.)  L.        Senna. 

marilandica  L.        Wild  Senna.  Occasional, 

chamsecrista  L.        Partridge  Pea. 

In  the  southern  part  of  the  county. 
nictitans  L.        Wild  Sensitive  Plant.    . 

With  the  preceding. 
Baptisia  Vent.        False  Indigo. 

tinctoria  (L.)  R.  Br.        Wild  Indigo. 

In  dry  soil  common. 
Crotalaria  (Dill.)  L.        Rattle-box. 

sagittalis  L.  In  sandy  soil. 

Tatnuck. 
Genista  L.        Woad-waxen. 

tinctoria  L.        Dyer's  Greenweed.  Rare. 

Lupinus  (Tourn.)  L.        Lupine. 

perennis  L.        Wild  Lupine.          In  dry  and  sandy  soil. 
Trifolium  (Tourn.)  L.         Clover. 

arvense  L.        Rabbit-foot  clover. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  6 1 

incarnatum  L.        Crimson  Clover.  Occasional, 

pratense  L.        Red  Clover. 

In  meadows  and  grassy  places,  common, 
repens  L.      .White   Clover. 

In  grassy  places,  common, 
hybridum  L.        Alsike  Clover. 

Worcester. 
agrarium  L.        Yellow  Clover. 

Along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 
procumbens  L.        Low  Hop  Clover. 

With  the  preceding. 
Melilotus  (Tourn.)  Hill.        Sweet  Clover. 

officinalis  (L.)  Lam.      Yellow  Melilot.      In  waste  places. 
alba  Desr.       White  Melilot.      In  waste  places,  common. 
Medicago  (Tourn.)  L.        Medick. 
sativa  L.        Alfalfa. 

Occasional  in  fields  and  waste  places. 
lupulina  L.        Black  Medick. 

In  fields  and  waste  places. 

arabica  (L.)  Huds.       Spotted  Medick.      In  waste  places, 
hispida  Gaertn.        Bur  Clover. 

In  waste  places,  common. 
Anthyllis  (Rivinius)  L. 

vulneraria  L.        Kidney  Vetch. 

Found  on  Bell  Hill,  North  Brookfield,  close  to  a  newly 
made  road  around  the  reservoir.  It  is  a  common 
plant  throughout  Europe,  but  has  appeared  only 
recently  in  America. 

Lotus  (Tourn.)  L.        Bird's-foot  Trefoil, 
corniculatus  L. 
Worcester.    Mons.  J.  Perrott. 


62  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Tephrosia  Pers.        Hoary  Pea. 

virginiana  (L.)  Pers.        Goat's  Rue.  Not  common. 

Millbury. 
Eobinia  L.        Locust. 

Pseudo-acacia  L.        Common  Locust.  Naturalized. 

viscosa  Vent.        Clammy  Locust. 

Escaped  from  cultivation. 
Coronffla  (Tourn.)  L. 

varia  L.  Rare. 

Desmodium  Desv.        Tick  Trefoil. 

nudiflorum  (L.)  DC.  In  dry  woods,  common. 

grandiflorum  (Walt.)  DC.  In  dry  woods. 

rotundifolium  (Michx.)  DC.          In  dry  woods,  common. 

canescens  (L.)  DC.  In  dry  soil. 

Dillenii  Darl. 
Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

paniculatum  (L.)DC.  In  dry  soil. 

canadense  (L.)  DC.      In  open  woods  and  along  roadsides. 

rigidum  (Ell.)  DC.  In  dry  soil. 

Lespedeza  Michx.        Bush  Clover. 

procumbens  Michx.  In  dry  soil. 

violacea  (L.)  Pers.  In  dry  soil. 

Stuvei  Nutt.  In  copses,  etc. 

frutescens  (L.)  Britton. 
Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

birta  (L.)  Hornem.  In  dry  soil 

capitata  Michx.  With  the  preceding, 

Vicia  (Tourn.)  L.        Vetch. 

sativa  L.        Spring  Vetch.       In  fields  and  waste  places. 

birsuta  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray. 
Barre.    Miss  Sara  Lane. 

Cracca  L.  In  grassy  places. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  63 

Lathyrus  (Tourn.)  L.        Vetchling. 

ochroleucus  Hook. 

Barre.    Miss  Sara  Lane. 
Apios  (Boerh.)  Ludwig.        Groundnut. 

tuberosa  Moench.  In  low  grounds,  common. 

Phaseolus  (Tourn.)  L.        Kidney  Bean. 

polystachyus  (L.)  BSP,        Wild  Bean. 

In  thickets,  not  common. 
Amphicarpa  Ell.        Hog  Peanut. 

monoica  (L.)  Ell.  In  copses,  common. 

LINAGES  (FLAX  FAMILY). 

Linum  (Tourn.)  L.        Flax. 

usitatissimum  L.        Common  Flax. 

Occasionally  spontaneous, 
virginianum  L. 
Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

OXALIDACE^:   (WOOD   SORREL  FAMILY). 

Oxalis  L.        Wood  Sorrel. 

Acetosella  L.        Common  Wood  Sorrel. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 

violacea  L.        Violet  Wood  Sorrel.    With  the  preceding, 
stricta  L.  In  woods  and  fields,  common. 

GERANIACE^E  (GERANIUM  FAMILY). 

Geranium  (Tourn.)  L.        Cranesbill. 
maculatum  L.        Wild  Cranesbill. 

In  grassy  places,  common. 
Eobertianum  L.        Herb  Robert. 
Mount  Wachusett  and  Worcester. 


64  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

carolinianum  L.  In  cultivated  grounds. 

Bicknellii  Britton. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

pusillum  Burm.  f.  In  waste  places,  rare. 

Erodium  L'Her.        Storksbill. 

cicutarium  (L.)  L'Her.  Occasional,  in  waste  places. 

RUTACE.E  (RUE  FAMILY). 

Zanthoxylum  L.        Prickly  Ash. 

americanum  Mill.        Northern  Prickly  Ash. 

Millbury. 

Ptelea  L.        Shrubby  Trefoil. 
trifoliata  L. 

A  tree  of  this  species  was  found  growing  by  a  road- 
side in  Berlin,  in  a  situation  which  suggested 
growth  from  a  seed  dropped  by  a  bird. 

POLYGALACE^:   (MILKWORT  FAMILY). 

Polygala  (Tourn.)  L.        Milkwort. 

paucifolia  Willd.        Fringed  Polygala. 

In  rich  woods,  common. 
polygama  Walt. 

Auburn. 

sanguinea  L.  In  sandy  and  moist  ground. 

Nuttallii  T.  and  G.  In  dry  sandy  soil. 

verticillata  L.  In  dry  soil. 

EUPHORBIACE^:   (SPURGE  FAMILY). 

Acalypha  L.    Three-seeded  Mercury. 

virginica  L.  In  fields  and  open  places. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  65 

Euphorbia  L.        Spurge. 
Preslii  Guss. 

Millbury. 

maculata  L.     Milk  Purslane.  In  dry  soil,  common, 

corollata  L.        Flowering  Spurge. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
Esula  L. 

Worcester.     Miss  K.  I.  Fish.  Rare. 

Cyparissias  L.         Cypress  Spurge.       Escaped;  common. 
Peplus  L.        Petty  Spurge.  In  waste  ground. 

Worcester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 


CALLITRICHACE.E  (WATER  STARWORT 
FAMILY). 

Callitriche  L.        Water  Starwort. 

palustris  L.  In  brooks,  common, 

heterophylla  Pursh. 
Near  Mount  Wachusett.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 


ANACARDIACE.E  (CASHEW  FAMILY). 

Rhus  L.        Sumach. 

typhina  L.        Staghorn  Sumach. 

In  dry  or  rocky  soil,  common. 

glabra  L.        Smooth  Sumach.          In  dry  soil,  common. 
copallina  L.     Dwarf  Sumach.  With  the  preceding. 

Vernix  L.        Poison  Dogwood. 

In  swamps  and  low  grounds. 
Toxicodendron  L.         Poison  Ivy. 

In  thickets  and  along  walls  and  fences. 


66  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

AQUIFOLIACE^E  (HOLLY  FAMILY). 

Hex  L.        Holly. 

verticillata  (L.)  Gray.        Black  Alder. 

In  low  grounds,  common. 
Isevigata  (Pursh)  Gray.        Smooth  Winterberry. 

In  low  wet  grounds. 

Nemopanthus  Raf.        Mountain  Holly, 
mucronata  (L.)  Trel. 

In   moist,  rich   woods,   common. 


CELASTRACE^E   ((STAFF  TREE  FAMILY). 

Celastrus  L.        Staff  Tree. 

scandens  L.        Climbing  Bitter-sweet. 

In  rich  soil,  common. 


ACERACE^E  (MAPLE  FAMILY). 

Acer  (Tourn.)  L.        Maple. 

pennsylvanicum  L.        Striped  Maple. 

In  rocky  woods,  common  northward, 
spicatum  Lam.        Mountain  Maple. 

Princeton  and  northward, 
saccharum  Marsh.        Sugar  Maple. 

In  rich  woods,  common, 
saccharinum  L.         White  Maple. 

Along  streams,  mainly, 
rubrum  L.        Red  Maple. 

In  swamps  and  low  grounds,  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  67 

BALSAMINACE^:  (TOUCH-ME-NOT  FAMILY). 

Impatiens  (Rivinius)  L.        Balsam. 

pallida  Nutt.        Pale  Touch-me-not. 

In  moist  shady  places, 
biflora  Walt.        Spotted  Touch-me-not. 

In  moist  grounds,  common. 

RHAMNACE^E   (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY). 

Rhamnus  (Tourn.)  L.        Buckthorn. 

cathartica  L.        Common  Buckthorn. 

Naturalized  occasionally. 
Ceanothus  L.        Red-root. 

americanus  L.        New  Jersey  Tea. 

In  open  woodlands,  common. 

VITACE.E   (VINE  FAMILY). 

Psedera  Neck.        Virginia  Creeper. 

quinquefolia  Greene.  In  dry  open  woods,  common. 

Vitis  (Tourn.)  L.        Grape. 

labrusca  L.        Northern  Fox  Grape. 

In  thickets,  common. 

sestivalis  Michx.        Summer  Grape.  In  thickets, 

cordifolia  Michx.        Frost  Grape.  In  thickets, 

vulpina  L.        River-bank  Grape.         Along  river-banks. 
Mr.  G.  B.  Emerson. 

TILIACE^E   (LINDEN  FAMILY). 

Tilia  (Tourn.)  L.        Basswood. 

americana  L.        Basswood.         In  rich  woods,  common. 


68  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

MALVACEAE  (MALLOW  FAMILY). 

Abutilon  (Tourn.)  Mill.         Indian  Mallow. 
Theophrasti  Medic.        Velvet  Leaf. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
Malva  (Tourn.)  L.        Mallow. 

rotundifolia  L.         Common  Mallow. 

In  waste  places,  common. 

verticillata  L.  In  waste  places,  not  common, 

sylvestris  L.        High  Mallow. 

Along  roadsides,  occasional. 

moschata  L.         Musk  Mallow.  Sparingly  escaped. 

Hibiscus  L.        Rose  Mallow. 

Trionum  L.        Flower-of-an-hour. 
Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 

HYPERICACE.E   (ST.   JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY). 

Hypericum  (Tourn.)  L.         St.  John's-wort. 

perforatum  L.        Common  St.  John's-wort. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  common, 
punctatum  Lam.  In  damp  places,  common, 

ellipticum  Hook.  In  wet  places,  common. 

mutilum  L.  In  low  grounds,  common, 

ma  jus  (Gray)  Britton.  In  low  grounds,  common, 

gentianoides  (L.)  BSP.        Pineweed.  In  sandy  soil, 

virginicum  L.        Marsh  St.  John's-wort. 

In  swampy  grounds,  common. 

ELATINACE^   (WATERWORT  FAMILY). 

Elatine  L.        Waterwort. 
americana  (Pursh)  Arn. 
Brookfield.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  69 


(ROCKROSE  FAMILY). 

Helianthemum  (Tourn.)  Mill.         Rockrose. 
canadense  (L.  ?)  Michx.        Frostweed. 

In  dry  soil,  common. 
Lechea  (Kalm)  L.        Pinweed. 
.      villosa  Ell. 

Templeton.     Mr.  V.  P.  Parkhurst. 

minor  L.  In  dry  soil  and  sterile  ground. 

tenuifolia  Michx.  In  dry  soil. 

VIQLACE,E   (VIOLET  FAMILY). 

Viola  (Tourn.)  L.        Violet. 
pedata  L.,  var.  lineariloba  DC.        Bird-foot  Violet. 

In  sandy  soil  in  open  sunny  places. 
cucullata  Ait.  In  wet  grounds,  common. 

papilionacea  Pursh. 

Worcester.    Mrs.  Ella  L.  Horr. 
palmata  L.     Worcester. 
sororia  Willd. 

Worcester.        Mrs.  Ella  L.  Horr. 
fimbriatula  Sm. 

Worcester.    Mrs.  Ella  L.  Horr. 

sagittata  Ait.  In  fields  and  meadows. 

lanceolata  L.        Lance-leaved  Violet. 

In  moist  grounds,  common. 
primulifolia  L.        Primrose-leaved  Violet. 

In  moist  grounds,  not  common. 
pallens  (Banks)  Brainerd.        Sweet  White  Violet. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  common. 
blanda  Willd. 

Auburn.    Miss  Hazel  Maynard. 


70       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY 

rotundifolia  Michx.        Early  Yellow  Violet. 

In  cold  woods  and  on  rocky  hillsides. 
This  is  the  violet  of  the  following: 

"When  beechen  buds  begin  to  swell 

And  woods  the  blue-bird's  warble  know, 
The  yellow  violet's  modest  bell 

Peeps  from  the  last  year's  leaves  below." 
See  WILLIAM  CULLEN  BRYANT'S  Poems:    The  Yellow  Violet. 

pubescens  Ait.        Downy  Yellow  Violet. 

In  dry  woods,  common. 
scabriuscula  Schwein.     Smooth  Yellow  Violet. 

Worcester.    Mrs.  John  Wetherbee. 

conspersa  Reichenb.  In  moist  soil,  common. 

rostrata  Pursh.        Long-spurred  Violet. 

Fitchburg. 
tricolor  L.         Pansy.  Occasionally  escaped. 


(MEZEREUM  FAMILY). 

Dirca  L.        Leatherwood. 

palustris  L.  Wicopy.  In  damp  rich  thickets. 

Daphne  L.  Mezereum. 

Mezereum  L.  Escaped  from  cultivation. 

Southbridge.  Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 

LYTHRACE^E  (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY). 

Decodon  J.  F.  Gmel.        Swamp  Loosestrife. 

verticillatus  (L.)  Ell.       Water  Willow.  In  swamps. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. 
Lythrum  L.        Loosestrife. 
alatum  Pursh. 
Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  71 

Salicaria  L.        Swamp  Loosestrife. 

In  swamps.  Abundant  at  North  Oxford. 
"  The  Loosestrife,  Lythrum  Salicaria,  which  here  waves  its  purple 
plumes,  is  an  English  plant  whose  introduction  into  the  valley  of  the 
Hudson  is  a  curious  chapter  in  the  story  of  plant  distribution.  Thirty 
years  ago  (about  1870)  suddenly,  like  the  lighting  of  some  brilliant 
tropical  bird,  appeared  on  the  banks  of  the  Walkill  a  new  plant  whose 
vivid  color  and  graceful  habit  were  at  once  remarked."  —  See 
FLINT'S  "A  Garden  of  Simples,"  p.  101. 


MELASTOMACE.E  (MELASTOMA  FAMILY). 

Rhexia  L.        Meadow  Beauty. 

virginica  L.  In  sandy  swamps. 

Sutton. 

ONAGRACE^E   (EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY). 

Ludvigia  L.        False  Loosestrife. 

alternifolia  L.        Seedbox.  In  swamps, 

palustris  (L.)  Ell.        Water  Purslane. 

In  muddy  ditches  and  swamps. 
Epilobium  (Dill.)  L.        Willow-herb. 

angustifolium  L.        Great  Willow-herb. 

Common  in  clearings. 

molle  Torr.  In  swampy  places, 

densum  Raf.  In  swamps, 

coloratura  Muhl.  In  low  grounds,  common, 

adenocaulon  Haussk.  In  damp  soil. 

(Enothera  L.        Evening  Primrose, 
cruciata  Nutt. 
Berlin.    Miss  I.  C.  Shattuck. 


72       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

biennis  L.         Common  Evening  Primrose. 

In  dry  soil,  common. 

pumila  L.  In  dry  fields,  common. 

fruticosa  L.        Sundrops.  In  dry  soil. 

Gaura  L. 

biennis  L. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
Circsea  (Tourn.)  L.        Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

lutetiana  L.  In  woods,  common. 

alpina  L.  In  cold  moist  woods. 

HALORAGIDACE^E   (WATER  MILFOIL  FAMILY). 

Myriophyllum  (Vaill.)  L.        Water  Milfoil. 

spicatum  L.  In  ponds. 

verticillatum  L.  In  ponds,  common. 

humile'(Raf.)  Morong. 
Lake  Quinsigamond,  Worcester. 

tenellum  Bigel.  With  the  preceding. 

See  the  Flora  of  Lake  Quinsigamond  in  the  Annual  Report 
of  the  Worcester  Natural  History  Society,  Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
Proserpinaca  L.  Mermaid-weed. 

palustris  L.  In  swamps. 

ARALIACE.E   (GINSENG  'FAMILY). 

Aralia  (Tourn.)  L. 

racemosa  L.        Spikenard.          In  rich  woods,  common. 
hispida  Vent.        Bristly  Sarsaparilla. 

In  rocky  or  sandy  woods,  common. 
nudicaulis  L.        Wild  Sarsaparilla. 

In  rich  woods,  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  73 

Panax  L.        Ginseng. 

quinquefolium.         Ginseng. 

In  rich  woods,  not  common, 
trifolium  L.        Dwarf  Ginseng. 

In  moist  grounds,  common. 


UMBELLIFER^:   (PARSLEY  FAMILY). 

Sanicula  (Tourn.)  L.        Sanicle. 

marilandica  L.  In  rich  woods, 

canadensis  L.  In  dry  woods. 

Hydrocotyle  (Tourn.)  L.        Water  Pennywort. 

americana  L.  In  wet  places,  common. 

Osmorhiza  Raf.        Sweet  Cicely. 
Clayton!  (Michx.)  Clarke. 

Worcester.     Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton, 
longistylis  (Torr.)  DC.  With  the  preceding. 

Conium  L.        Poison  Hemlock. 

maculatum  L.  In  waste  places. 

Cicuta  L.        Water  Hemlock. 

maculata  L.        Musquash  Root. 

In  swamps  and  low  grounds,  common, 
bulbifera  L. 

Worcester.     Mr.  H.  H.  Kingsbury. 

Carum  (Rupp.)  L.        Caraway. 
Carvi  L.        Caraway. 

By  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 

Slum  (Tourn.)  L.        Water  Parsnip. 

cicutaefolium  Schrank.  In  wet  places. 


74  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Cryptotsenia  DC.        Honewort. 
canadensis  (L.)  DC. 
Worcester ;    Southbridge. 

Zizia  Koch. 

aurea  (L.)  Koch.        Golden  Alexanders. 

In  meadows  and  swamps,  common. 
Pastinaca  L.        Parsnip. 

sativa  L.  By  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 

Heracleum  L.        Cow  Parsnip. 

lanatum  Michx.  In  moist  grounds,  common. 

Angelica  L.        Angelica. 

atropurpurea  L.  In  swamps  and  moist  grounds. 

Daucus  (Tourn.)  L.        Carrot. 

Carota  L.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

CORNACE.E  (DOGWOOD  FAMILY). 

Oornus  (Tourn.)  L.        Cornel.     Dogwood. 

canadensis  L.        Bunchberry.  In  low  woods, 

florida  L.        Flowering  Dogwood. 

In  woods  and  copses,  common, 
circinata  L'Her.        Round-leaved  Cornel. 

In  woods  and  copses. 
Amomum  Mill.        Silky  Cornel. 

On  roadsides  and  along  streams. 

stolonifera  Michx.      Red-osier  Dogwood.     In  moist  soil, 
paniculata  L'Her.  In  rich  soil,  common, 

alternifolia  L.  f.       In  woods  and  by  roadsides,  common. 

Nyssa  L.        Tupelo. 

sylvatica  Marsh.  In  rich  soil. 


LEDUM    GROENLANDICUM    Oeder 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  75 

ERICACEAE  (HEATH  FAMILY). 

Clethra  (Gronov.)  L.        White  Alder. 
alnifolia  L.        Sweet  Pepperbush. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  common. 

Chimaphila  Pursh.        Pipsissewa. 

umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.        Prince's  Pine. 

In  dry  woods,  common. 
maculata  (L.)  Pursh.        Spotted  Wintergreen. 

In  dry  woods. 

Moneses  Salisb.        One-flowered  Pyrola. 

uniflora  (L.)  Gray.      In  rich  woods,  common  northward. 

Pyrola  (Tourn.)  L.        Wintergreen. 

secunda  L.  In  woods  and  copses, 

chlorantha  Sw.  In  dry  woods. 

elliptica  Nutt.        Shin  Leaf.  In  rich,  dry  woods. 

americana  Sweet.  In  dry  woods,  common. 

Monotropa  L.        Indian  Pipe. 

uniflora  L.        Indian  Pipe.  In  moist,  rich  woods. 

Hypopitys  L.        Pinesap.  In  dry  woods. 

Ledum  (Rupp.)  L.        Labrador  Tea. 
groenlandicum  Oeder. 

In  bogs  and  swamps,  common  northward. 

Rhododendron  L. 

viscosum  (L.)  Torr.        White  Swamp  Honeysuckle. 

In  swamps,  common, 
viscosum,  var.  glaucum  (Michx.)  Gray. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
nudiflorum  (L.)  Torr.        Purple  Azalea. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  common. 


76       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

canescens  (Michx.)  G.  Don. 

See  Rhodora,  1901,  p.  196. 
canadense  (L.)  BSP.        Rhodora. 

In  bogs  and  wet  pastures,  common. 

"In  May,  when  sea- winds  pierced  our  solitudes, 
I  found  the  fresh  Rhodora  in  the  woods, 
Spreading  its  leafless  blooms  in  a  damp  nook, 
To  please  the  desert  and  the  sluggish  brook." 

See  R.  W.  EMERSON'S  Poems:  The  Rhodora. 

maximum  L.        Great  Laurel. 

Auburn;  Hubbardston. 
Kalmia  L.        Laurel. 

latifolia  L.        Mountain  Laurel. 

In  woods  and  pastures,  common. 
angustifolia  L.        Sheep  Laurel. 

In  moist  soil  and  pastures,  common. 
polifolia  Wang.        Pale  Laurel. 

In  swamps,  common  northward. 
Leucothoe  D.  Don.        Fetter  Bush, 
racemosa  (L.)  Gray. 

In  rich  soil,  swamps  and  pastures. 
Andromeda  L. 

glaucophylla  Link.        Bog  Rosemary. 
Westborough. 

The  maid  Andromeda,  divinely  fair, 

Forever  lives  in  poesy;  a  group 

Of  stars  in  northern  skies  keeps  bright  her  fame; 

This  little  flower  each  spring  recalls  her  name. 

Lyonia  Nutt. 

ligustrina  (L.)  DC.        Male  Berry. 

In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  common. 


LEUCOTHOE    RACEMOSA   (L.)   Gray. 


ANDROMEDA   GLAUCOPHYLUA    Link. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  77 

Chamsedaphne  Moench.        Leather  Leaf. 

calyculata  (L.)  Moench.  In  swamps. 

Epigaea  L.        Trailing  Arbutus. 
repens  L.        Mayflower. 

In  pine  woods  and  dry  pastures,  common. 
Gaultheria  (Kalm)  L.        Aromatic  Wintergreen. 
procumbens  L.        Checkerberry. 

In  woods  and  pastures,  common. 
Arctostaphylos  Adans.        Bearberry. 

Uva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.        Bearberry.  In  dry  soil. 

Chiogenes  Salisb.        Creeping  Snowberry. 

hispidula  (L.)  T.  and  G.  In  swamps  northward. 

Auburn. 
Oaylussacia  HBK.        Huckleberry. 

dumosa  (Andr.)  T.  and  G.        Dwarf  Huckleberry. 

Northborough.     Mr.  Arba  Pierce.  In  swamps, 

frondosa  (L.)  T.  and  G.        Dangleberry. 

In  copses,  common, 
baccata  (Wang.)  K.  Koch.        Black  Huckleberry. 

In  rocky  woodlands  and  pastures,  common. 
Vaccinium  L.        Blueberry.     Cranberry, 
stamineum  L.         Deerberry. 

Berlin.        Miss  I.  C.  Shattuck. 
pennsylvanicum  Lam.        Early  Blueberry. 

In  dry  soil,  common. 

pennsylvanicum,  var.  nigrum,  Wood.    Low  Black  Blue- 
berry. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
canadense  Kalm.        Sour-top  Blueberry. 

In  moist  soil,  common  northward, 
vacillans  Kalm.        Late  Low  Blueberry. 

In  dry  soil,  common. 


7  8       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

corymbosum  L.        High  Blueberry. 

In  swamps  and  pastures,  common, 
atrococcum  (Gray)  Heller.        Black  High  Blueberry. 

In  swamps  and  pastures, 
csespitosum  Michx.     Dwarf  Bilberry. 

Ashburnham.     Mr.  C.  H.  Knowlton. 
Vitis-Idsea  L.,  var.  minus  Lodd.       Mountain  Cranberry. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Oxycoccus  L.        Small  Cranberry.  In  cold  bogs. 

Millbury. 
macrocarpon  Ait.        Large  Cranberry. 

In  bogs  and  wet  places,  common. 

PRIMULA CE^    (PRIMROSE    FAMILY). 

Lysimachia  (Tourn.)  L.        Loosestrife, 
vulgaris  L. 

Bolton.    Miss  J.  M.  Nichols. 

quadrifolia  L.  In  thickets,  very  common. 

terrestris  (L.)  BSP. 

In  swamps  and  wet  places,  very  common. 
Nummularia  L.  In  moist  soil,  escaped. 

thyrsiflora  L.        Tufted  Loosestrife. 
Northborough.    Mr.  Arba  Pierce. 
Steironema  Raf. 

ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.  In  moist  thickets,  common. 

lanceolatum  (Walt.)  Gray.  In  moist  soil. 

Trientalis  (Rupp.)  L.        Chickweed  Wintergreen. 
americana  (Pers.)  Pursh.        Star  Flower. 

In  rich  woods,  common. 

"The  instinct  of  classifying  marks  the  wise  and  healthy  mind. 
Linnaeus  projects  his  system,  and  lays  out  his  twenty-four  classes  of 
plants,  before  yet  he  has  found  in  Nature  a  single  plant  to  justify 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  79 

certain  of  his  classes.  His  seventh  class  has  not  one.  In  process  of 
time,  he  finds  with  delight  the  little  white  Trientalis,  the  only  plant 
with  seven  petals  and  sometimes  seven  stamens,  which  constitutes  a 
seventh  class  in  conformity  with  his  system."  —  EMERSON'S  Society 
and  Solitude,  "Old  Age." 

Anagallis  (Tourn.)  L.        Pimpernel. 

arvensis  L.        Common  Pimpernel.      In  waste  grounds. 
Southbridge. 

OLEACE.E    (OLIVE    FAMILY). 

Fraxinus  (Tourn.)  L.        Ash. 

americana  L.       White  Ash.         In  rich  woods,  common, 
nigra  Marsh.       Black  Ash.     In  swamps  and  wet  woods. 
Millbury. 


GENTIANACE^E    (GENTIAN    FAMILY). 

Gentiana  (Tourn.)  L.        Gentian. 

crinita  Froel.        Fringed  Gentian. 

In  low  meadows  and  pastures. 

"Thou  blossom  bright  with  autumn  dew, 
And  colored  with  the  heaven's  own  blue, 
That  openest  when  the  quiet  light 
Succeeds  the  keen  and  frosty  night. 

Thou  comest  not  when  violets  lean 

O'er  wandering  brooks  and  springs  unseen, 

Or  columbines,  in  purple  dressed, 

Nod  o'er  the  ground-bird's  hidden  nest." 

W.  C.  BRYANT'S  Poems:  To  the  Fringed  Gentian. 

Andrews!!  Griseb.        Closed  Gentian. 

In  moist  soil,  common. 


80       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

linearis  Froel. 

Princeton  and  northward. 
Bartonia  Muhl. 

virginica  (L.)  BSP. 

Southbridge ;  Worcester. 
Menyanthes  (Tourn.)  L.        Buckbean. 

trifoliata  L.  In  bogs  and  shallow  water. 

Nymphoides  (Tourn.)  Hill.        Floating  Heart, 
lacunosum  (Vent.)  Fern  aid. 
Lake  Quinsigamond.     Gardner. 

APOCYNACE.E   (DOGBANE   FAMILY). 
Vine  a  L.        Periwinkle. 
minor  L.        Myrtle. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

Apocynum  (Tourn.)  L.         Dogbane.     Indian  Hemp, 
androssemifolium  L.         Spreading  Dogbane. 

In  fields  and  by  roadsides. 

cannabinum  L.        Indian  Hemp.  In  sandy  soil, 

cannabinum,  var.  hypericifolium  (Ait.)  Gray. 
Brookfield;  Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

ASCLEPIADACE^E    (MILKWEED    FAMILY). 

Asclepias  (Tourn.)  L.        Milkweed. 
tuberosa  L.        Butterfly-weed. 

In  dry  fields,  not  common. 
purpurascens,  L.        Purple  Milkweed. 

Along  roadsides  and  in  dry  fields. 

incarnata,  L.       Swamp  Milkweed.    In  swamps,  common. 
incarnata,  var.  pulchra  (Ehrh.)  Pers.  With  the  last, 

syriaca  L.      Common  Milkweed.     In  rich  soil,  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  8 1 

amplexicaulis  Sm.         Along  roadsides  and  in  dry  fields, 
phytolaccoides  Pursh.        Poke  Milkweed.         In  copses, 
quadrif  olia  Jacq.          In  woods  and  copses,  not  common. 
Acerates  Ell.         Green  Milkweed. 

viridiflora  Ell.  In  the  western  part  of  the  county. 

CONVOLVULACE^E    (CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY). 
Convolvulus  [Tourn.]  L.        Bindweed. 

spithamaeus  L.  In  dry  soil, 

sepium  L.        Hedge  Bindweed. 

In  fields  and  along  fences, 
arvensis  L.        Field  Bindweed. 

In  fields  and  waste  places. 
Cuscuta  (Tourn.)  L.        Dodder. 

Gronovii  Willd.  On  herbs  and  low  shrubs,  common. 

POLEMONIACE.E    (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY). 
Phlox  L. 

paniculata  L. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
subulata  L.        Moss  Pink. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Polemonium  (Tourn.)  L.        Greek  Valerian, 
reptans  L. 

Found  by  Miss  G.  Hakes,  escaped. 

BORAGINACE^:    (BORAGE  FAMILY). 
Cynoglossum  (Tourn.)  L.        Hound's  Tongue. 
officinale  L.        Common  Hound's  Tongue. 

In  waste  grounds,  not  common, 
virginianum  L.        Wild  Comfrey. 
In  woods,  Millbury;  Princeton. 


82  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Lappula  (Rivinius)  Moench.        Stickseed. 
virginiana  (L.)  Greene.        Beggar's  Lice. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets. 
Symphytum  (Tourn.)  L.        Comfrey. 

officinale  L.       Common  Comfrey.    Occasionally  escaped. 
Lycopsis  L.         Bugloss. 

arvensis  L.         Small  Bugloss. 
Myosotis  (Rupp.)  L.        Forget-me-not. 

scorpioides  L.         True  Forget-me-not. 

Worcester.     Escaped. 

laxa  Lehm.  In  wet,  muddy  places, 

arvensis  (L.)  Hill. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Lithospermum  (Tourn.)  L.        Gromwell. 

arvense  L.        Corn  Gromwell.  Occasional. 

officinale  L.         Common  Gromwell. 

In  fields  and  waste  places.    Miss  E.  J.  Seaver. 
Echium  (Tourn.)  L.        Viper's  Bugloss. 

vulgare  L.        Blue-weed.         In  fields  and  waste  places. 

VERBENACE.E    (VERVAIN    FAMILY). 

Verbena  (Tourn.)  L.        Vervain. 
urticsefolia  L.        White  Vervain. 

In  fields  and  waste  places. 
hastata  L.        Blue  Vervain. 

In  moist  fields  and  meadows. 

LABIATE    (MINT    FAMILY). 

Ajuga  L.        Bugle  Weed, 
reptans  L. 

Peat  meadow,  Worcester.    Miss  A.  H.  Tucker. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  83 

Trichostema  L.        Blue  Curls. 

dichotomum  L.        Bastard  Pennyroyal.          In  dry  soil. 

Scutellaria  (Rivinius)  L.        Skullcap. 

lateriflora  L.        Mad-dog  Skullcap.  In  wet  places, 

galericulata  L.  In  swamps  and  along  streams. 

Nepeta  (Rivinius)  L.        Cat  Mint. 

Cataria  L.        Catnip.  In  waste  places,  common, 

hederacea  (L.)  Trevisan.        Gill-over-the-Ground. 

In  waste  places. 

Prunella  L.        Self-heal, 
vulgaris  L.        Heal-all. 

In  fields,  woods,  and  waste  places. 

Physostegia  Benth.        False  Dragon  Head. 

virginiana  (L.)  Benth.  Charlton,  escaped. 

Galeopsis  L.        Hemp  Nettle. 

Tetrahit  L.        Common  Hemp  Nettle. 

In  waste  places. 

Lamium  (Tourn.)  L.        Dead  Nettle. 

amplexicaulis  L.        Henbit.  In  waste  grounds. 

Miss.  A.  H.  Tucker. 

purpureum  L.  In  waste  grounds,  rare, 

maculatum  L.  Escaped. 

Mr.  R.  C.  Manning. 

Leonurus  L.        Motherwort. 

Cardiaca  L.        Common  Motherwort. 

In  waste  places,  common. 

Stachys  (Tourn.)  L.        Hedge  Nettle. 

palustris  L.        Woundwort.  In  wet  grounds. 

Tatnuck.    Mr.  Kinney. 


84       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Monarda  L.        Horse  Mint. 

fistulosa  L.        Wild  Bergamot. 

Phillipston.     Mrs.  W.  F.  Perry. 
Hedeoma  Pers.        Mock  Pennyroyal. 

pulegioides  (L.)  Pers.        American  Pennyroyal. 

In  dry  fields,  common. 
Melissa  (Tourn.)  L.        Balm. 

officinalis  L.        Common  Balm. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone.  Escaped. 

Satureja  (Tourn.)  L.   ,     Savory. 
vulgaris  (L.)  Fritsch.        Basil. 

Millbury. 
Pycnanthemum  Michx.        Mountain  Mint. 

flexuosum  (Walt.)  BSP.  In  fields  and  copses. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
virginianum  (L.)  Durand  and  Jackson. 

Spencer.     Mr.  J.  C.  Lyford. 
muticum  (Michx.)  Pers. 

Mount  Wachusett.     Mrs.  G.  B.  Stearns. 
Thymus  (Tourn.)  L.    Thyme. 

Serpyllum  L.        Creeping  Thyme. 

Worcester;  Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Lycopus  (Tourn.)  L.        Water  Horehound. 

virginicus  L.        Bugle  Weed.  In  low  grounds. 

sessilifolius  Gray. 

Millbury. 

americanus  Muhl.  In  low  grounds. 

Mentha  (Toum.)  L.        Mint. 

spicata  L.        Spearmint.  In  moist  grounds, 

piperita  L.        Peppermint.  In  moist  grounds. 

aquatica  L.        Water  Mint.  In  wet  places. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  85 

arvensis  L.        Field  Mint. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
arvensis,  var.  canadensis  (L.)  Briquet.     In  moist  places. 
Collinsonia  L.        Horse  Balm. 

canadensis  L.        Rich-weed.  In  rich  woods. 


SOLANACE^:    (NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY). 

Solanum  (Tourn.)  L.        Nightshade. 

Dulcamara  L.  Bittersweet.  In  waste  places,  common, 
nigrum  L.  Common  Nightshade.  In  waste  places, 
ro  stratum  Dunal.  Buffalo  Bur. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Physalis  L.        Ground  Cherry. 

virginiana  Mill.        In  rich  soil  in  waste  places,  Millbury. 
Nicandra  Adans.        Apple  of  Peru, 
physaloides  (L.)  Pers. 

In  waste  grounds,  escaped. 
Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
Lycium  L.         Matrimony  Vine. 

halimifolium  Mill.         Common  Matrimony  Vine. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Datura  L.        Jamestown  Weed. 

Stramonium  (L.)         Stramonium. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  common. 
Tatula  (L.)        Purple  Thorn  Apple.  With  the  last. 

SCROPHULARIACE.E    (FIGWORT   FAMILY). 

Verbascum  (Tourn.)  L.        Mullein. 
Thapsus  L.        Common  Mullein. 

In  dry  fields  and  waste  places. 


86  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Blattaria  L.        Moth  Mullein. 

With  the  last,  but  not  as  common. 
Linaria  (Tourn.)  Hill.        Toadflax, 
vulgaris  Hill.        Butter  and  Eggs. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  common, 
canadensis  (L.)  Dumont  In  dry  soil,  common. 

Cymbalaria  (L.)  Mill.          Coliseum  Ivy. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
Scrophularia  (Tourn.)  L.        Figwort. 
marilandica  L. 

Brookfield.    Mr.  E.  B.  Hale. 
leporella  Bicknell. 

Worcester.     Mr.  W.  K.  Harrod. 
Penstemon  (Mitchell)  Ait.        Beard-tongue, 
hirsutus  (L.)  Willd. 

Worcester.     Miss  E.  F.  Brown. 
Chelone  (Tourn.)  L.        Snake-head. 

glabra  L.        Balmony.  In  wet  grounds,  common. 

Mimulus  L.        Monkey  Flower. 

ringens  L.  In  wet  grounds,  common. 

Ilysanthes  Raf.         False  Pimpernel. 

dubia  (L.)  Barnhart.  In  wet  grounds,  Millbury. 

Gratiola  (Rupp.)  L.        Hedge  Hyssop, 
virginiana  L. 

Lake  Quinsigamond.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 
aurea  Muhl.  In  sandy,  wet  grounds. 

Veronica  (Tourn.)  L.        Speedwell. 

Anagallis-aquatica  L.  Water  Speedwell.  In  wet  places, 
scutellata  L.  Marsh  Speedwell.  In  swamps,  common, 
officinalis  L.  Common  Speedwell. 

In  dry  fields,  common. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  87 

Chamsedrys  L.        Bird's-eye.  In  waste  places. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone, 
serpyllifolia  L.        Thyme-leaved  Speedwell. 

In  grassy  places,  common, 
peregrina  L.        Neckweed. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

arvensis  L.        Corn  Speedwell.     In  fields,  not  common, 
agrestis  L.        Field  Speedwell. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 

Gerardia  (Plumier)  L.        Gerardia. 

pedicularia  L.  In  dry  woods  and  copses. 

flava  L.        Downy  False  Foxglove.     With  the  preceding, 
virginica  (L.)  BSP.  With  the  preceding, 

tenuifolia  Vahl.        Slender  Gerardia. 
Southbridge.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

Castilleja  Mutis.        Painted  Cup. 

coccinea  (L.)  Spreng.        Scarlet  Painted  Cup. 

In  wet  meadows,  Grafton ;  Dudley. 

"The  fresh  savannas  of  the  Sangamon 
Here  rise  in  gentle  swells,  and  the  long  grass 
Is  mixed  with  rustling  hazels.    Scarlet  tufts 
Are  glowing  in  the  green,  like  flakes  of  fire; 
The  wanderers  of  the  prairie  know  them  well, 
And  call  that  brilliant  flower  the  Painted  Cup." 

WILLIAM  CULLEN  BRYANT'S  The  Painted  Cup. 

Melampyrum  [Tourn.]  L.        Cow  Wheat. 

lineare  Lam.  In  dry  woods  and  copses,  common. 

Pedicularis  (Tourn.)  L.        Lousewort. 
canadensis  L.        Wood  Betony. 

In  dry  woods  and  copses,  common. 


88  FLORA   OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Schwalbea  (Gronov.)  L.        Chaff -seed. 
americana  L. 
Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 

LENTIBULARIACE^E   (BLADDERWORT  FAMILY). 

Utricularia  L.        Bladderwort. 

inflata  Walt.  In  ponds, 

clandestina  Nutt. 

See  Flora  of  Lake  Quinsigamond,  Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
vulgaris  L.     Greater  Bladderwort.      In  ponds,  common. 
minor  L.        Smaller  Bladderwort.  In  ponds. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
gibba  L.  In  ponds. 

Miss  E.  J.  Seaver. 
intermedia  Hayne.  In  shallow  pools. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
purpurea  Walt. 

Lake  Quinsigamond.     Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
resupinata  B.  D.  Greene. 

See  Flora  of  Lake  Quinsigamond,  Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 
cornuta  Michx. 

Lunenburg.    Rev.  F.  L.  Palmer. 

OROBANCHACE.E   (BROOM-RAPE   FAMILY). 

Epifagus  Nutt.        Beech-drops, 
virginiana. 

Ashburnham.     Prof.  J.  E.  Vose. 
Conopholis  Wallr.        Squaw-root. 
americana  (L.  f.)  Wallr. 
Ashburnham.     Prof.  J.  E.  Vose. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  89 

Orobanche  [Tourn.]  L.        Broom-rape. 

uniflora  L.        One-flowered  Cancer-root. 

In  grassy  places,  common. 

MARTYNIACE^   (MARTYNIA  FAMILY). 

Martynia  L.        Unicorn-plant. 

Louisiana  Mill.  Escaped. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 


PHRYMACE.E  (LOPSEED   FAMILY). 

Phryma  L.        Lopseed. 

Leptostachya  L.  In  open  woods,  not  common. 


PLANTAGINACE.E  (PLANTAIN  FAMILY). 

Plantago  (Tourn.)  L.        Plantain, 
major  L.        Common  Plantain. 

In  waste  places,  very  common. 
Rugelii  Dene. 

Princeton.     W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
lanceolata  L.        Rib  Grass.      In  waste  places,  common, 
aristata  Michx. 
Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. ' 


RUBIACE.E   (MADDER  FAMILY). 

Galium  L.        Bedstraw. 

circaezans  Michx.  In  rich  woods, 

lanceolatum  Torr.        Wild  Liquorice. 
Worcester.     Miss  Emily  Sargent. 


90       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Mollugo  L. 
Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 

pa-lustre  L. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

trifidum  L.  In  wet  grounds. 

tinctorium  L. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
asprellum  Michx.        Marsh  Bedstraw. 

In  wet  grounds,  common. 
triflorum  Michx.        Sweet-scented  Bedstraw. 

In  rich  woods. 
Mitchella  L.        Partridge  Berry. 

repens  L.  In  rich  woods,  common. 

Cephalanthus  L.        Buttonbush. 

occidentalis  L.  In  swamps,  common. 

Houstonia  L. 

caerulea  L.        Bluets. 

In  open,  grassy  places,  very  common. 

CAPRIFOLIACE.E    (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY). 

Diervilla  (Tourn.)  Mill.        Bush  Honeysuckle. 

Lonicera  Mill.          In  dry  woods  and  pastures,  common. 
Lonicera  L.        Honeysuckle. 

caerulea  L.,  var.  villosa  (Michx.)  T.  and  G. 

Boylston.    Mr.  Frank  Drew, 
canadensis  Marsh.        American  Fly  Honeysuckle. 

In  rich  woods. 

hirsuta  Eat.        Hairy  Honeysuckle. 
See  Bigelow's  Florula,  Bostoniensis. 
dioica  L. 
West  Boylston;  North  Brookfield. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  91 

Symphoricarpus  (Dill.)  Ludwig.        Snowberry. 

racemosus  Michx. 

Farnumsville,  escaped.    Miss  K.  I.  Fish. 
Linnsea  (Gronov.)  L.        Twin-flower. 

borealis  L.,  var.  Americana  (Forbes)  Render. 

In  cool,  mossy  woods,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 

"Linnaea,"  says  Sir  James  Edward  Smith,  "is  so  called  in  honor 
of  the  great  Swedish  naturalist,  Linnaeus;  and  appears,  by  the  journal 
of  his  tour  in  Lapland,  to  have  been  chosen  by  himself  to  commemo- 
rate his  own  name,  when  he  gathered  it  at  Lyksele,  May  29,  1732. 
Former  botanists  had  called  this  elegant  and  singular  little  plant 
Campanula  serpyttifolia;  but  Linnaeus,  prosecuting  the  study  of 
vegetables  on  the  only  certain  principles,  the  structure  of  their  parts 
of  fructification,  soon  found  this  to  constitute  a  new  genus.  He 
reserved  the  idea  in  his  own  mind  till  his  discoveries  and  publications 
had  entitled  him  to  botanical  commemoration;  and  his  friend 
Gronovius,  in  due  time,  undertook  to  make  this  genus  known  to  the 
world.  It  was  published  by  Linnaeus  himself,  in  the  Genera  Plan- 
tar urn,  in  1737,  and  the  same  year  In  the  Flora  Lapponica,with  a  plate; 
being,  moreover,  mentioned  in  the  Critica  Botanica,  as  'a  humble, 
despised,  and  neglected  Lapland  plant  flowering  at  an  early  age,' 
like  the  person  whose  name  it  bears."  —  GEORGE  B.  EMERSON'S 
Trees  and  Shrubs  of  Massachusetts. 

"  In  unploughed  Maine  he  sought  the  lumberer's  gang, 
Where  from  a  hundred  lakes  young  rivers  sprang; 

He  saw  beneath  dim  aisles  in  odorous  beds 
The  slight  Linnaea  hang  its  twin-born  heads, 
And  blessed  the  monument  of  the  man  of  flowers, 
Which  breathes  his  sweet  fame  through  the  northern  bowers." 
R.  W.  EMERSON'S  Woodnotes,  I,  3. 

Triosteum  L.        Feverwort. 

aurantiacum.         Bicknell.          In  rich  woods,  Boylston. 


92  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Viburnum  [Tourn.]  L.        Arrow-wood. 
alnifolium,  Marsh.        Hobble-bush. 

In  rich  woods,  especially  northward. 
Opulus  L.,  var.  americanum  (Mill.)  Ait.     Cranberry  Tree. 
In  rich  woods,  Graf  ton  and  northward. 
acerifolium  L.        Arrow-wood. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  common, 
dentatum  L.        Arrow-wood. 

In  moist  grounds,  common, 
cassinoides  L.        Withe-rod. 

In  rich  soil,  in  low  grounds. 
Lentago  L.        Sweet  Viburnum.  In  rich  soil. 

Sambucus  (Tourn.)  L.        Elder. 

canadensis.       Common  Elder.       In  moist  soil,  common. 
racemosa  L.        Red-berried  Elder. 

In  rocky  places,  especially  northward. 

DIPSACACE^    (TEASEL    FAMILY). 

Dipsacus  (Tourn.)  L.        Teasel. 

sylvestris  (Huds.).        Wild  Teasel. 
South  Worcester. 

Knautia  L. 

arvensis  (L.)  T.  Coulter. 
Princeton.    Mrs.  H.  S.  Knight. 

CUCURBITACE^E    (GOURD    FAMILY). 

Sicyos  L.        One-seeded  Bur-cucumber. 

angulatus  L.  In  rich  soil  in  moist  places. 

Ecbinocystis  T.  and  G.        Wild  Balsam-apple. 
-     lobata  (Michx.)  T.  and  G.  In  rich  soil. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  93 

CAMPANULACE.E    (BLUEBELL    FAMILY). 

Specularia  (Heist.)  Fabricius.        Venus'  Looking-glass. 

perfoliata  (L.)  A.  DC.  In  dry,  open  grounds. 

Campanula  (Tourn.)  L.        Bellflower. 

rapunculoides  L.  Occasionally  escaped, 

rotundifolia  L.        Harebell. 

Winchendon.     Mr.  A.  S.  Allen. 
aparinoides  Pursh.        Marsh  Bluebell. 

In  moist  grassy  places. 

LOBELIACE.E    (LOBELIA    FAMILY). 

Lobelia  (Plumier)  L. 

cardinalis  L.       Cardinal- flower.  In  moist  soil,  common, 
siphilitica  L.        Great  Lobelia. 

In  low,  moist  grounds,  not  common. 

spicata  Lam.  In  dry  soil,  common, 

inflata  L.        Indian  Tobacco.  In  fields  and  copses. 

Dortmanna  L.      Water  Lobelia.  On  borders  of  ponds. 

COMPOSITE    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY). 

Vernonia  Schreb.        Ironweed. 

noveboracensis  Willd.  In  moist  ground. 

Baldwin!!  Torr. 

Southbridge,  in  waste  grounds. 

Mr.   L.   E.    Ammidown.       See   Rhodora,   December, 
1906. 

Eupatorium  (Tourn.)  L.        Thoroughwort. 
purpureum  L.        Joe-Pye  Weed. 

In  moist  grounds,  common. 


94  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

purpureum,  var.  maculatum  (L.)  Darl. 

Phillipston.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
verbenaefolium  Michx.  In  low  grounds. 

Mr.  George  Coult. 
pubescens  Muhl.  In  dry  soil. 

Worcester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 

sessilifolium  L.        Upland  Boneset.  In  copses. 

perfoliatum  L.        Thoroughwort. 

In  moist  grounds,  very  common. 
urticaefolium  Reichard.        White  Snakeroot. 

In  rich  woods. 
aromaticum  L. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
Mikania  Willd.        Climbing  Hempweed. 
scandens  (L.)  Willd. 

Worcester.     Mr.  Kinney. 
Liatris  Schreb.        Blazing  Star. 
scariosa  Willd. 

Sterling.    Miss.  E.  J.  Seaver. 
Solidago  L.        Golden-rod, 
squarrosa  Muhl. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
csesia  L.  In  rich  woods  and  copses. 

latifolia  L.  In  rich  woods,  common. 

bicolor  L.  In  dry  woodlands,  common. 

puberula  Nutt. 

Princeton.    W.  W.  B.  and  J.  F.  C. 
speciosa  Nutt. 

Barre.    Miss  Sara  Lane. 

arguta  Ait.  In  open  woods,  common, 

juncea  Ait.  In  copses  and  in  dry  soil,  common. 

neglecta  T.  and  G.  In  swamps. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  95 

odora  Ait.        Sweet  Golden-rod.  In  dry  woodlands, 

ulmifolia  Muhl. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
rugosa  Mill.  In  dry  soil,  very  commori. 

nemoralis  Ait.  In  dry,  sterile  fields, 

canadensis  L.  In  dry  soil,  common, 

serotina,  var.  gigantea  (Ait.)  Gray.  Common, 

graminifolia  (L.)  Salisb.  In  moist  grounds, 

tenuifolia  Pursh.  In  moist  grounds. 

Aster  (Tourn.)  L.        Aster. 

divaricatus  L.  In  open  woodlands,  common, 

macrophyllus  L.  In  copses,  common, 

macrophyllus,  var.  pinguifolius  Burgess. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

novse-angliae  L.  In  fields  and  along  fences, 

patens  Ait.  In  dry  soil, 

undulatus  L.  In  dry  soil, 

cordifolius  L.  In  dry  woodlands. 

Ifievis  L.  On  borders  of  woodlands,  common. 

ericoides  L.  In  dry  soil. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
multiflorus  Ait.  In  dry  sandy  soil, 

dumosus  L.  In  sandy  soil, 

vimineus  Lam.  In  waste  grounds, 

vimineus  Lam.  var.  foliolosus  (Ait.)  Gray. 

See  Rhodora,  October,  1900. 

lateriflorus  (L.)  Britton.  In  waste  grounds. 

Tradescanti  L.  In  low  grounds, 

paniculatus  Lam.  In  moist  soil, 

paniculatus,  var.  acutidens  Burgess. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 


96       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

longifolius  Lam. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

novi-belgii  L.  In  moist  grounds. 

puniceus  L.  In  low  grounds,  very  common, 

puniceus,  var.  compactus  Fernald. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 

umbellatus  Mill.  In  moist  places,  common. 

linariifolius  L.  In  dry  soil,  common, 

acuminatus  Michx.  In  rich  woodlands,  common. 

aemoralis  Ait. 

Templeton.     Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
nemoralis,  var.  Blakei  Porter.  With  the  last. 

Erigeron  L.         Fleabane. 

pulchellus  Michx.        Robin's  Plantain. 

In  grassy  places,  common. 

philadelphicus  L.  In  fields  and  woods, 

annuus  (L.)  Pers.        Daisy  Fleabane. 

In  waste  places,  common. 
ramosus  (Walt.)  BSP.          Daisy  Fleabane. 

In  fields,  common. 
canadensis  L.     Horse-weed. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  common. 
Sericocarpus  Nees.         White-topped  Aster. 

asteroides  (L.)  BSP.  In  dry  soil,  common. 

liniifolius  (L.)  BSP.  In  dry  soil. 

Worcester;  Boylston. 

Antennaria  Gaertn.        Everlasting. 

Parlinii  Fernald.  In  rich  soil. 

Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

canadensis  Greene.  In  dry  soil. 

Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  •  97 

plantaginifolia  (L.)  Richards.  In  dry  soil,  common, 

fallax  Greene.  In  rich  open  woods. 

Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
neodioica  Greene.  In  fields  and  woods. 

Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
neglecta  Greene.  In  fields  and  woods. 

Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
petaloidea  Fernald.  In  fields  and  open  woods. 

Mr.  R.  M.  Harper. 

Anaphalis  DC.     Everlasting. 

margaritacea  (L.)  B.  and  H.        Pearly  Everlasting. 

In  dry  pastures. 

Gnaphalium  L.        Cudweed. 

polycephalum  Michx.        Common  Everlasting. 

In  dry  open  places,  common. 

decurrens  Ives.     Everlasting.  In  open  grounds, 

uliginosum  L.        Low  Cudweed. 

In  damp  places,  common. 
purpureum  L.       Purplish  Cudweed.        In  low  grounds. 

Inula  L.        Elecampane. 

Helenium  L.        Elecampane. 

In  fields  and  along  roadsides. 

Ambrosia  (Tourn.)  L.        Ragweed. 

artemisiaefolia  L.        Roman  Wormwood. 

In  waste  places,  very  common. 

Xanthium  (Tourn.)  L.  Cocklebur. 
spinosum  L. 

Worcester.  Mr.  John  Coulson. 
canadense  Mill. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 


98       FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Heliopsis  Pers.         Ox-eye, 
helianthoides  (L.)  Sweet. 

Worcester,  introduced,  Mr.  George  Coult. 
Rudbeckia  L.        Cone-flower. 
hirta  L.        Black-eyed  Susan. 

In  meadows  and  grassy  places,  common. 
laciniata  L. 
Leicester.     Mr.  H.  H.  Kingsbury. 

Helianthus  L.         Sunflower. 

annuus  L.  Common  sunflower. 

Occasionally  escaped. 

divaricatus  L.  In  dry  woodlands. 

strumosus  L.  In  dry  woodlands. 

decapetalus  L.  In  copses  and  along  streams. 

tuberosus  L.        Jerusalem  Artichoke. 

In  copses,  not  common. 
Bidens  L.        Bur  Marigold. 

frondosa  L.       Beggar-ticks.       In  moist  places,  common, 
comosa  (Gray)  Wiegand.  In  moist  places, 

connata  Muhl.        Swamp  Beggar-ticks. 

In  moist  places  and  swamps. 

cernua  L.        Stick-tight.  In  wet  places,  common. 

Isevis  (L.)  BSP.  In  swamps. 

Beckii  Torr.        Water  Marigold. 

Lake  Quinsigamond. 
Oalinsoga  R.  and  P. 

parviflora  Cav.  In  waste  places,  spreading, 

parviflora  Cav.,  var.  hispida  DC.  With  the  last. 

Helenium  L.        Sneezeweed. 

autumnale  L.      In   meadows,  established. 

Mr.  George  Coult. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  99 

tenuif olium  Nutt. 
Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 

AchiUea  (Vaill.)  L.        Yarrow. 

Millefolium  L.        Common  Yarrow. 

Mostly  in  dry  grounds,  common. 

Anthemis  (Michx.)  L.        Chamomile. 
Cotula  L.         May-weed. 

In  waste  places,  very  common. 

"To  explain  these  matters  it  need  only  be  said  that,  like  many  a 
better  botanist  before  her,  the  girl  had  mistaken  one  herb  of  the  field 
for  another,  and,  instead  of  gathering  innocent  wild  camomile,  had 
collected  good  store  of  mayweed  —  a  plant  so  exactly  like  the  first  to 
outward  seeming  that  only  most  skilled  eyes  detect  the  difference 
between  them." — See  the  sixth  chapter  of  Eden  Phillpotts'  Sons 
of  the  Morning  for  the  part  played  by  the  decoction  of  Anthemis 
Cotula. 

Chrysanthemum  (Tourn.)  L.        Ox-eye  Daisy. 
Leucanthemum  L.        White  Daisy. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  common. 
Parthenium  (L.)  Benth.        Feverfew. 
Barre,  escaped,  Miss  Sara  Lane. 

Tanacetum  (Tourn.)  L.        Tansy. 

vulgare  L.     Common  Tansy.    In  waste  places,  common, 
vulgare,  var.  crispum  DC.  With  the  last. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone. 

Artemisia  (Tourn.)  L.        Wormwood. 

vulgaris  L.        Common  Mugwort.  Waste  places. 

Worcester. 
Absinthium  L.        Wormwood. 

Worcester.    Mr.  T.  E.  N.  Eaton. 


100  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Tussilago  (Tourn.)  L.         Coltsfoot. 
Farfara  L. 
Fitchburg.    Mr.  E.  A.  Hartwell. 

Erechtites  Raf.        Fireweed. 

hieracifolia  (L.)  Raf.  In  burned  clearings. 

Senecio  (Tourn.)  L.        Squaw-weed, 
aureus  L.         Golden  Ragwort. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows. 

Arctium  L.        Burdock. 

minus  (Hill.)  Bernh.         Common  Burdock. 

In  waste  places,  common. 

Carduus  (Tourn.)  L.        Plumeless  Thistle, 
crispus  L. 

Worcester.    Mr.  L.  White. 

Oirsium  (Tourn.)  Hill.         Common  Thistle. 

lanceolatum  (L.)  Hill.         Common  Thistle. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  common. 
spinosissimum  (Walt.)  Scop.        Yellow  Thistle. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
discolor  Spreng.  In  fields  and  along  roadsides. 

muticum  Michx.        Swamp  Thistle.  In  swamps. 

pumilum  (Nutt.)  Spreng.        Pasture  Thistle. 

Southbridge.     Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
arvense  (L.)  Scop.        Canada  Thistle. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

Oentaurea  L.        Star  Thistle, 
nigra  L.        Knapweed. 

Hardwick.    Mr.  R.  M.  Harper, 
maculosa  Lam. 
West  Auburn,  recently  introduced. 


SPERMATOPHYTA.  IOI 

Oichorium  (Tourn.)  L.        Succory  or  Chicory. 
Intybus  L.        Common  Chicory. 

By  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 

Krigia  Schreb.        Dwarf  Dandelion. 

virginica  (L.)  Willd.  In  dry  soil. 

Leontodon  L.        Hawkbit. 

autumnalis  L.        Fall  Dandelion. 

By  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 

Tragopogon  (Tourn.)  L.        Goat's  Beard, 
pratensis  L.        Goat's  Beard. 
Worcester. 

Taraxacum  (Haller)  Ludwig.        Dandelion, 
omcinale  Weber.        Common  Dandelion. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  very  common. 

"Dear  common  flower,  that  grow'st  beside  the  way, 
Fringing  the  dusty  road  with  harmless  gold, 

First  pledge  of  blithesome  May, 
Which  children  pluck,  and,  full  of  pride,  uphold, 

High-hearted  buccaneers,  o'erjoyed  that  they 
An  Eldorado  in  the  grass  have  found, 

Which  not  the  rich  earth's  ample  round 
May  match  in  wealth,  thou  art  more  dear  to  me 
Than  all  the  prouder  summer-blooms  may  be." 

LOWELL'S  To  the  Dandelion. 

Sonchus  (Tourn.)  L.        Sow  Thistle. 

arvensis  L.        Field  Sow  Thistle.  In  waste  places, 

oleraceus  L.     Common  Sow  Thistle.        In  waste  places. 
asper  (L.)  Hill.        Spiny-leaved  Thistle. 

In  waste  places. 


102  FLORA  OF  WORCESTER  COUNTY. 

Lactuca  (Tourn.)  L.        Lettuce, 
scariola  L.        Prickly  Lettuce. 

Worcester.    Miss  Grace  B.  Baker. 

canadensis  L.       Wild  Lettuce.        In  rich  soil,  common, 
hirsuta  Muhl. 

Southbridge.    Mr.  L.  E.  Ammidown. 
ludoviciana  (Nutt.)  Riddell.  Waste  grounds. 

Worcester.    Mr.  George  Coult. 
spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  In  low  grounds. 

Prenanthes  (Vaill.)  L.        Rattlesnake-root. 

alba  L.        White  Lettuce.  In  rich  woods,  common, 

serpentaria  Pursh.         .Lion's-foot.  Occasional. 

Prof.  G.  E.  Stone, 
trifoliata  (Cass.)  Fernald. 

Templeton.    Mr.  P.  Blodgett. 
altissimus  L.  In  rich  woods,  common. 

Hieracium  (Tourn.)  L.        Hawkweed. 

aurantiacum  L.        Orange  Hawkweed. 

In  fields  and  waste  places. 

venosum  L.        Rattlesnake-weed.  In  dry  woods. 

paniculatum  L.  In  dry  woods, 

scabrum  Michx.  In  dry  woods  and  pastures. 

Gronovii  L.  In  dry  woods, 

canadense  Michx.  In  dry  woods. 

(1240  species  and  varieties.) 


•     .  .-,..      v  •;    -;     . 


'  .    -,      . 


yF 


